@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(1):7-11

Background
… [1, 2]. Hematologic factors are the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease [3]. An increased risk of cardiovascular disease can result from imbalance in thrombosis and homeostasis disorders [4].
Previous Studies
… [5-13]. Studies have shown that the response of homeostasis and fibrinolysis to different types of exercise is different [14-16]. Most training programs have been conducted on the effects of physical activity on coagulation and fibrinolytic agents of aerobic type. In the study of Hillberg et al., coagulation factorization and fibrinolysis and the power of fibrinolysis were increased in healthy men [17]. Improvement of fibrinolytic response and decreased coagulation activity in elderly men following aerobic exercise has been reported [18, 19]. … [20].
Aim(s)
Considering the above points, we assumed that the use of multivariate and single-muscles could have an effect on the response of the fibrinolytic system by the role that it could play in fibrinogen changes and prothrombin time. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of resistance training on the response of the fibrinolytic system by active men.
Research type
The present applied research is a semi-experimental type that was done in form of field study.
Research society, place and time
This research was conducted in 2017 among young female athletes in one of the clubs of Qom.
Sampling method and number
30 of these subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups: one single-muscle resistance training, multivariate- muscle resistance training and control group (each group included 10 people). Based on the data obtained from the medical history questionnaire and physical fitness resistance questionnaire (r-Par-Q), the subjects had no history of specific disease and had not used any supplements of carbohydrates, amino acids, caffeine and antioxidants in the last three months. Also, they did not have the history of alcohol and tobacco use.
Used devices&materials
The conditions for participation in the research, the probabilistic problems, and the frequency of blood transfusion were fully and clearly explained to the subjects and the research consent was taken from the participants. After obtaining consent and also confirmation of the vice chancellor of research in Alzahra University of Tehran, anthropometric variables were measured. The height and weight of the subjects were measured using a medical scale (seca 220; Germany) and body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated using a specific formula. The percentage of subjects` fat was measured using the three right side points of the body (armpit, abdomen, and supra) and by caliper (Slimgide, USA), and were calculated after replacing the Jackson and Pollack Formula [21]. After measuring the anthropometric variables (height and weight, body mass index, and fat percentage), all subjects were properly trained to exercise. For measuring a maximal repetition (1RM), foot press, lance, steppe, dumbbell, thighs, chest press, armpits, and abdominal movements from bodybuilders and free weights. The Brzezinski formula was used to calculate 1RM. The first blood sample, 6cc, was taken 24 hours before the start of the protocol from all the subjects. The experimental group was asked to avoid intense physical activity and consumption of caffeine containing food 24 hours prior to the onset of exercise tests. The experimental group practice protocol was performed in 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with 80% repetition, training intensity ranging from RM8 to RM12, and 3 cycles of exercises, with 20 second intervals between each turn. Each training session started with 10 minutes of initial warm-up (soft running and tensile exercises) and the end of each session was completed by cooling for 10 minutes. The arrangement of the movements of the training sessions was upper-lowered and pyramidal. In order to implement overdose at the beginning of the third and fifth weeks, a new move was added to the program to MRT (multiple resistance training) and SRT (single resistance training) exercise protocol. SRT group exercises include front, back, thigh, leg, forearm, cross-overs, cross, back arm and movement of the MRT group including Scott, barbell press, stepper with barbell, lower stretch (LAT), Lange with Barbell, sloping breast press with dumbbell, military press with barbell and dip. The last blood sample was collected 48 hours after the last training session (similar to the pretest) at 8:30 am and after at least 12 hours of fasting overnight in order to evaluate the serum levels of PPT, Fib, and PT from non-lateral arm of the venous vein and sent to the laboratory for measurement of blood variables. To prevent hemolysis, blood samples were spilled into EDTA-containing tubes and were slowly blended. Then, for serum separation, the samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 10000 rpm. The isolated serum was stored at 70 ° C. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. In order to ensure that the data distribution was normal, Shapiro-Wilk`s test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of data. To compare the changes in the two protocols, the factor analysis of variance factor of 2x3 was used and to determine the difference between the Bonferroni post hoc test and to measure the intra-group variation, paired t-test was used. The determination of the effectiveness of the values before activity was reduced from the values after the activity and the obtained data was considered as the amount of change. The following formula was used to determine the effect percentage: [(Mean posttest – Mean pretest) ± mean of pretest] x 100= impact rate
Findings by Text
The mean age of the multivariate resistance training and single resistance training group was 22.4±1.5 and 20.2±1.4 years respectively. Also, the mean height of multivariate resistance training, single training resistance, and control groups were 168.0±7.4, 173.0±7.8, 172.0±4.8 cm respectively (Table 1).There was a significant interaction between the type of group and the time in fibrinogen (F1 and 27=9.51; differentiated eta squared=0.413; p=0.001). Also, time variations were significant (F1 and 27=31.12; differentiated tidal squared=0.536; p=0.0001), which indicated a decrease in fibrinogen over time for both groups. The mean effect of the comparison of the groups was not significant (F1 and 27=1.95; differentiated eta squared=0.126; p=0.162). In the PT level, there was a significant interaction between group and time (F1 and 27=10.51; Differentiated eta squared=0.438; p=0.0001) and time change was significant (F1and 27=7.15; differentiated eta squared=0.21; p=0.013) which indicated a PT decrease over time for both groups. The main effect of the comparison of the groups was also significant (F1 and 27=3.97; differentiated eta squared=0.227; p=0.031). In terms of the level of PPT, there was no significant interaction between the type of group and time (F1and27=0.417, differentiated eta squared=0.030; p=0.633) and time change was not significant (F1 and 27=2.58; Differentiated eta square=0.087; p=0.119) that there was no reduction of PTT in the period for the two groups. Also, the main effect of the comparison of the groups was not significant (F1 and 27=2.280; Differentiated eta square=0.145; p=0.122; Table 2).There was a significant difference between the amount of fibrinogen pretest and posttest in the subjects, and fibrinogen in the posttest showed a relative decrease of approximately 4% (p=0.0001, t1and27=4.42). For prothrombin time, an increase of approximately 1% was observed which was significant (p=0.047; t1and27=2.07). There was a 1% increase in the time of thromboplastin as well which was not significantly different between pretest and posttest (t1and27=-1.64; p=0.111; Table 3).
Main comparison to the similar studies
Ahmadizad and Al-said in their research have shown that after a session of resistance training, plasma fibrinogen increased significantly [14]. Fathi and Mir achieved a significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen by studying the effect of 12 sessions of resistance training on fibrinolytic factors, which was consistent with the result of the present study. The major difference in the results of these studies can be due to the type of exercise, the intensity of exercise, and in part, the amount of muscle involved and the type of contraction [15]. … [22, 23]. Heilberg reported an increase in PT after exercise, which was consistent with the outcome of the study [17]. Menzel and Heilberg reported a significant reduction in PTT after moderate activity with 80% of the anaerobic threshold in young men and the elderly which was not consistent with the results of the present study [20]. Piconnu et al. showed PT and PTT increase after aerobic exercise in short duration. Piconu et al. showed PT and PTT evaluation after aerobic exercise in short duration, which was consistent with the results of this study and indicated that the difference in PT and PTT response to exercise in different studies due to the effect of type of exercises along with age and sex on the response of the coagulation system [24]. … [25].
Suggestions
It is suggested that athletes place resistance training especially multivariate resistance exercises in their exercise program in order to benefit from the beneficial effects of these exercises on improving cardiovascular health and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Limitations
Among the notable limitations of this study was the lack of control of the genetic factors of the subjects by the examiner as well as the inability to accurately control fatigue and sleep control of the subjects during the test. On the other hand, it was not possible to control the impact of previous injuries reported by the subjects.
Conclusions
Resistance exercises in active men reduce the amount of fibrinogen and increase PT, but no change in PTT.
Acknowledgments
This article is the result of a master's thesis, and the author appreciates the efforts of the supervisor and all subjects.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
The subjects completed the written consent form and announced their readiness to participate in the research.
Funding Sources
The present research has been carried out without utilizing the funds of each organization and institution.

TABLES and CHARTS

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