@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(3):205-212

Background
… [1-10] One of the strategies that is recommended by different researchers for keeping and improving mental health and the quality of life [11], is regular physical activities [12, 13]. … [14]
Previous Studies
Conducted researches show a positive and significant correlation between the performance of different physical activities and mental health. The association of diabetes with low level of life quality [1, 3, 15-18] and mental health [1, 4, 15, 16] has been shown.
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two aerobic training programs and a detraining period on the quality of life and mental health in women with type 2 diabetes.
Research type
This is a quasi-experimental research with pretest and posttest.
Research society, place and time
40 to 60 years old diabetic women inhabitant of Sabzevar city (Iran) were studied in 2011.
Sampling method and number
Women with type 2 diabetes with fasting blood glucose greater than 125mg/dl were selected as the participants of this study. Inclusion criteria were type 2 diabetes according to specialist diagnosis, age of 40 and higher and no chronic disease such as asthma, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, cancer and other metabolic disorder. Also, these people did not have a history of regular exercise, but they were able to do physical activities. Any person without one or more of these conditions was excluded from the study. 33 subjects with the conditions were selected through screening method and after the interview and review of medical records according to purposive sampling. They were allowed to leave the research if they wanted.
Used devices&materials
The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 11. Group one performed 5-week daily aerobic exercises, and group 2 did aerobic exercises every other day during 10 weeks; group 3 which was the control group did not do any exercise. Group one did physical exercises every day except Fridays for 5 weeks. Group 2 did physical exercises every other day within 10 weeks, and group 3 did normal exercises for 10 weeks of the study protocol and did not have any regular exercise. At the beginning of the project, all participants filled out the questionnaires about quality of life and mental health, and by the end of 5 weeks and 10 weeks of implementing research protocol, and after 2 months of detraining protocol, the questionnaire was again completed for all participants (three groups). Intensity of training, 60-70 % of maximum heart rate was kept constant during the exercise for both group 1 and group 2. The duration of exercise for group 1 was started from 30 minutes, and reached to 60 minute exercise in the fifth week. Group 2 started from 30 minute exercise, and each week three minutes (each session one minute) was added to the training duration until the time of exercise was reached to 60 minutes in week ten for this group as well. Tools used in the research were a Persian version of 36-item Short Form Survey of the life quality, and 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The SF-36 questionnaire consisted of two main subgroups of physical and mental dimensions. Scores in each dimension is determined from zero to 100. Its reliability and validity has been accepted in Iran [1]. Reliability of this study questionnaire has obtained r=0.87 in the current study. In General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the higher the score of a person, the lower is the mental health, and the lower the score of a person, the higher is mental health of that person. Several studies in the world and Iran suggest the high reliability and validity of this questionnaire [18]. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the distribution of data. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the central and distribution indices. In order to investigate the effect of exercise training and detraining period on the variables of life quality and mental health in subject, repeated measure of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), One-way ANOVA, and Tukey Post-hoc tests were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. … [19-24]
Findings by Text
The variables of age, height, body mass index, duration of disease, and dosage of drugs were similar at the start of the study among the study groups, and they did not have any significant difference (Table 1). Meanwhile, none of the subjects were using insulin. With respect to the variable of quality of life, a significant difference was observed between the three groups. These results suggested that after 5 and 10 weeks training, the mean of quality of life had significant difference among the groups, but after 2 months of detraining, no significant difference was observed between the control and experimental group. In terms of the quality of life, the results of Tukey Post-hoc test, showed a significant difference between control group and the every other day exercise group as well as between control group and every day exercise group after 5 weeks, but no significant difference was observed between the mean of every other day exercise group and every day exercise group. After 10 weeks, significant difference was observed between the mean of life quality in control group and every other day exercise group, as well as between the control group and every day exercise group. However, there was no significant difference between everyday exercise group and every other day exercise group. Significant difference was observed in the dimensions of life quality including physical and psychological dimensions among the groups. These results suggest that there was a significant difference between groups in physical and psychological-social dimensions after 5- and 10-week exercises, but there was no statistical significant difference between the experimental and control groups after 2 months of detraining. In physical dimension, the results of Tukey Post-hoc test showed a significant difference between control group and every other day exercise group, as well as between the control group and every day exercise group after 5 weeks, but no significant difference was observed between everyday exercise group and every other day exercise group. Also, after 10 weeks, there was a significant difference in the mean of physical dimension between control and every other day exercise group as well as between control group and every day exercise group, while there was no significant difference between the mean of every day exercise group and the mean of every other day exercise group. Similarly, the results of Tukey Post-hoc test in psychosocial dimension showed that after 5 and 10 weeks, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of control group and every other day exercise group, as well as between control group and every day exercise group. However, in both stages, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of every day exercise group and every other day exercise group. Mental health variable was significantly different in the three groups. Mental health was significantly different between the groups only after 10 weeks. But no significant difference was observed with the control and experimental groups at 5 weeks after the exercise and after 2-month detraining. The results of Tukey Post-hoc test showed this significant difference between the mean scores of mental health in control and every day exercise groups, as well as between control and every other day exercise groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of everyday exercise and every other day exercise groups (Table 2).
Main comparison to the similar studies
Aerobic exercises have a positive effect on mental health and quality of life in diabetic patients [16]. This result is line with the results of the current research. Aerobic exercises along with whole drug consumption have resulted in improving the life quality in women with type 2 diabetes [15]. In women with type 2 diabetes, improvement has occurred in the quality of life and mental health following aerobic exercises [25]. This result is in accordance with the results of current study. Both resistance and enduring exercises have positive effects on the quality of life and mental health, but the effect of exercise has been higher in women with type 2 diabetes [1]. Physical exercises have more effects on physical and mental dimensions of life quality compared to the weight loss group [26]. The effects of resistance exercise on the life quality of diabetics have been higher than aerobic exercise, but this difference has not been statistically significant [27]. Exercise training has insignificantly improved the quality of life in diabetic patients [28]. Along with reducing body mass index, the psychological status of patients was improved [29]. … [30-32]
Suggestions
The patients should continuously follow the exercise program for effective exploitation of the results.
Limitations
The limitations of this study were purposive sampling and the use of self-report questionnaire.
Conclusions
The implementation of the 5- and 10-week exercises improves mental health and life quality in women with type 2 diabetes. However, the achieved benefits are not lasting after 2 months of detraining.
Acknowledgments
Participating diabetic patients are appreciated.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
This research was approved by Sabzevar University Research Council.
Funding Sources
The research has been funded by the authors.

TABLES and CHARTS

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