@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(2):81-87

Background
Today, the prevalence of tobacco smoking among students is increasing.
Previous Studies
… [1-5]. The prevalence of smoking in young people is increasing, with a decrease in the age of onset [6-9]. The prevalence of smoking among students in some Iranian universities is more than 10%, which is considerable. According to the results of the relevant studies, 28.7% of people who smoked were in the age group of 18 to 24 years (most students are in this age range) [2, 5-7, 10-12]. … [13-19]. The extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) was done to play a decisive role by parents in their children's behavior [20].
Aim(s)
The purpose of the present study was to determine the factors related to cigarette smoking among students using ETPB.
Research type
This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study.
Research society, place and time
This study was conducted on 360 students of the Universities of Malayer city in 2017.
Sampling method and number
The sample size was estimated to be 316 subjects based on the Cochran's sample size formula, considering a recent study [21], and P = 0.27 for the history of smoking and d = 0.05; however, due to the 15% probability of unanswered questionnaires, it was considered 360 subjects.
Used devices&materials
The data collection tool included a two-part questionnaire that assessed demographic information and constructs of the ETPB. The first part included 7 questions, assessing age, gender, the field of study, marital status, number of family members, place of residence, and lifestyle. The second part included a researcher-made questionnaire constructed from the TPB based on relevant studies [5, 20, 22-24]. In this section, the positive attitude towards smoking construct with 14 questions, the abstract norms motivating smoking with 8 questions, behavioral control with 10 questions, parenting style with 6 questions, and intention to smoke with 3 questions were assessed on a five-point Likert scale from "totally disagree" (1) to " totally agree" (5). Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, linear regression analysis, and logistic regression analysis.
Findings by Text
Of studied students, 195 cases (54.2%) were male and 165 (45.8%) were female. The average age of the participants was 19.37±0.73 years. Also, 310 students (86.1%) were single and most of them (111 cases (30.8%)) were studying computer engineering. Besides, 230 students (63.9%) were living in families of 4 and 5 members and 56.4% reported living with their parents. Of those studied, 48 cases (13.3%) reported a history of smoking in the past month. Among the TPB constructs, the perceived behavioral control and parenting style with a mean of 72.50% and 60.34%, respectively, showed the maximum achievable score and a relatively favorable status. In contrast, attitude, abstract norms, and intention to smoke constructs showed an undesirable status (Table 1).A significant correlation was observed between the constructs of the ETPB (Table 2).Perceived behavioral control, positive attitudes toward smoking, and parenting style were the best predictors of students' intention to smoke, respectively. These constructs accounted for a total of 32% of the variance in behavioral changes in smoking (Table 3).Behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control were predictors of smoking behavior among students, respectively. These constructs accounted for a total of 40% of the variance in changes in smoking cigarette behavior (Table 4).
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [21, 22]. The findings of the present study showed a positive and significant correlation between positive attitude towards smoking and intention to smoke among students. Attitude is also one of the best predictors of intention toward smoking among students. The results of the present study are consistent with research by Barati et al., in which participants who had a negative attitude towards smoking reported lower intention to smoke [23]. In this regard, this finding was consistent with the results of the study of Makvandi et al.; a positive attitude towards drugs is a strong predictor for intention toward these behaviors [4]. The results of logistic regression showed that perceived behavioral control to refuse to smoke was a strong predictor for intention and behavior of smoking among students. This result was consistent with the findings of the studies by Barati et al. and Makvandi et al. [5, 23]. … [24-34].
Suggestions
Conducting qualitative studies on all young people and studying all common drugs in this group and other related factors and predictors of drug abuse in young people, including media, and using environmental factors, such as multidisciplinary models [9] can result in useful information on the prevention of drug abuse.
Limitations
The limitations of the present study were the self-reporting method of data collection, its descriptive design, using students, as well as considering cigarette smoking behavior as one of the common addictive substances in students.
Conclusions
The ETPB is appropriate and useful for identifying the factors affecting cigarette smoking. Perceived behavioral control, positive attitude toward smoking, and parenting styles are predictors of behavioral intention, respectively, and behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control are predictors of tobacco smoking among students.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Malayer University officials and participants in the study for their cooperation.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Ethical Permissions
The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: IR.UMSHA.REC.394.443).
Funding Sources
The present study was approved and supported by the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (941012554).

TABLES and CHARTS

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