@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(1):27-33

Background
Diabetes Mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to lack of enough insulin secretion or insulin dysfunction [1].
Previous Studies
… [2-21]. Numerous studies have been conducted on the biological effects of curcumin. It has been found that this substance has antioxidant, antibacterial antifungal, antiviral, and inflammatory effects, and it has super-premium therapeutic potential against neurological diseases, inflammation of joints, allergies, kidney poisoning, cardiovascular diseases and particularly diabetes and hormonal disorders [22]. ..[23-31].
Aim(s)
This study examined the effect of curcumin and electromagnetic field on serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrogen, LH and FSH hormones in male rates.
Research type
This is an experimental study.
Research society, place and time
This study was conducted in 2015.
Sampling method and number
49 adult male Wistar rats with weight range 200-240gr were prepared from Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute of Mashhad. Animals were kept in the ambient temperature 22-24°C, relative humidity 40-43%, and 12 hour photoperiodic period. The animals were placed in standard transparent polycarbonate cages (Razi Rod Co.; Iran), and they were provided adequate amount of water with 500 ml glass bottles. Also, the mice were fed with compressed food for mice (Toos Danehdaran Co., Iran). In order to make adaptations to the state, all the experiments were charged at least 10 days after the placement of the animals [32]. Rats were divided randomly into 7 groups of 7 including healthy control, diabetic control and experimental diabetic 1 to 5.
Used devices&materials
The treatment of the groups was as follows: Experimental diabetic group 1: Intraperitoneal injected curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich, United States}) with a concentration of 300 mg per kg of body weight for 25 days. Experimental diabetic group 2: injected curcumin + 60 minute daily exposure to electromagnetic field with the frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 15 Gauss for 25 days. Experimental diabetic group 3: injected curcumin+60 minutes of daily exposure to electromagnetic field with frequency of 50Hz and intensity of 300 Gauss for 25 days. Experimental diabetic group 4: Daily 60 minute exposure to electromagnetic field with the frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 50 Gauss for 25 days. Experimental diabetic group 5: 60-minute daily exposure to electromagnetic field with frequency of 50Hz and intensity of 300 Gauss for 25 days. Healthy control and diabetic control groups were, also, received sterile distilled water as intraperitoneal equal to the amount of curcumin for 25 days. The intensity of electromagnetic radiation [17], concentration and duration of curcumin was based on previous studies. Also, the concentration of 2000 mg curcumin per kg weight of the mice was determined as the lethal dose (LD50). Therefore, the concentration of 300 mg per kg of body weight was chosen as therapeutic concentration [27]. Experimental diabetic model (Diabetes type 1) in the mice was created after 16 hours of fasting with a single intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan monohydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) with dose of 240 mg per kg of body weight. Also, citrate buffer was used as solvent of Alloxan. The injection of Alloxan to the diabetic control and diabetic experimental group was done. Since the study was on the chronic diabetes, about 40 days after alloxan injection and induction of diabetes, blood samples were taken from tail vein for confirmation and blood sugar was measured by glucometer (EasyGluco; Korea) and blood sugar above 300 mg per dL was considered as an indicator of being diabetic and it was considered as zero-day of trial [32]. To provide an electromagnetic field, a special system that has a coil, three rheostats, a condenser, and an ammeter were used. To build a coil around a tube made of PVC, a certain amount of copper wire was wrapped up using the formula for calculating intensity of the electromagnetic field (B=μnI) (B: the intensity of electromagnetic fields on the basis of Tesla, μ: 4π×10, n is the number of turns of the wire around the solenoid per unit length, and I: intensity of electric current). To ensure the accuracy of the output of electromagnetic field with the intensities of 15 and 300 Gauss, after the flow of circuit, the field intensity was investigated using Gauss meter (TES-1392, Taiwan). The samples of experimental groups 2, 3, and 4, after daily induction of diabetes (25 days), were placed at 50 Hz frequency electromagnetic field generator coil chamber for 60 minutes with the intensities of 15 and 300 Gauss [17]. At the end of the infusion period of 25 days, followed by 12 hours of fasting, mice were anesthetized by ether. Then by cutting the skin in the abdomen and chest and through opening the abdominal cavity, blood samples were directly taken from the heart and transferred to the tube containing EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Asetic Acid).Then, collected samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the resulting serum was stored in the freezer at -20 °C [2]. Serum levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DRG Instruments GmbH; Germany), estrogen (IBL GmbH, Germany), LH and FSH (Cusabio, USA) were measured through ELIZA method using reader (Ellisa reader Stat Fax 2100). Hormonal assay was based on the instruction of the manufacturer companies. Data analysis was done by SPSS 20 using one-way ANOVA, and for between-group comparison, Tukey post hoc test was used. Also, the results together with statistical calculation were expressed in form of mean.
Findings by Text
Serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestesterone, estrogen, LH and FSH in diabetic control group were significantly decreased compared with the healthy control group. Compared with the diabetic control group, serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestestrone, estrogen, LH and FSH were significantly increased in the experimental diabetic groups 1, 2, and 4, and they were significantly decreased in the experimental diabetic group 5. Diabetic samples treatment with curcumin and electromagnetic field of 15 Gauss (diabetic group 2) caused the highest increase in serum level of blood parameters. Also, the treatment of diabetic samples with the electromagnetic field of 300 Gauss (diabetic group 5), reduced the serum levels of blood parameters compared with the diabetic control group (p<0.05; Table 1).
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [33-43]. Experiences, also, emphasize the restructuring of gonads, reduced secretion of sex hormones LH and FSH, reduction in the percentage of successful mating, and decreased fertility of female mice in exposure to high intensity electromagnetic waves, and the more effects induced by electromagnetic radiation at high intensities have been attributed to DNA damage, mutation, and genotoxic damages [44]. … [45-47].
Suggestions
It is suggested that more research be conducted on the mechanism of curcumin in the management of diabetic complications in broader sample size. Also, further studies is needed for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanism of curcumin in the control of hormonal disorder caused by diabetes in order to complete information on the potential impact.
Limitations
The limitations of this study were lack of cellular and molecular studies on the results and the impossibility to check the exact mechanism of the effect of curcumin and 50Hz frequency electromagnetic fields and their combined effect on the pituitary-gonad axis activity.
Conclusions
The effect of curcumin on the activity of pituitary-testicular axis, increases the secretion of sex hormones in male rats. This effect is intensified in simultaneous application of electromagnetic field of 50 Hz with the intensity of 15 Gauss. However, placing diabetic patients directly exposed to electromagnetic fields of 50 Hz with intensity of 300 Gauss can intensify the reproductive disorders even more severely.
Acknowledgments
The author of the article appreciates the Islamic Azad University Research Club.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared.
Ethical Permissions
Observing the rights of laboratory animals for human use was based on international instruction for caring and using laboratory animals. Also, in all the stages, ethical use of laboratory animals has been observed.
Funding Sources
Cost of project has been funded and allocated by Islamic Azad University Young Researchers Club.

TABLES and CHARTS

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