@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(1):13-19

Background
The most important clinical effects of organ phosphorus poisoning is caused by acetyl cholinesterase inhibition, which leads to accumulation of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system synapses, seizures, and eventually death [1-4]. Acute and sub-acute exposure to some organophosphates, in addition to acetyl cholinesterase inhibition, increases free radical production [4, 5]. … [6, 7] Some organophosphates through the generation of free radicals alter the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce glutathione (GSH) and increase lipid peroxidation in tissues that leads to oxidative stress and cell death [4, 5, 8, 9].
Previous Studies
Due to the effects of organophosphates (OPs) on antioxidant system, the use of antioxidants may probably be helpful in the treatment of people suffering from oxidative stress [2, 10, 11]. … [12, 13] Vitamins C and E can reduce the toxicity of OPs and the changes in some biochemical parameters block [11-8]. Vitamins E and C can reduce the toxicity of OPs and block the changes in some biochemical parameters [8-11]. Vitamin E prevents the induction of oxidative stress induced by diazinon [14]. Diclorvos administration reduces the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the increase of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and administration of vitamins E and C prevent these changes [15]. The protective effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress reduction induced by malathion after 4 weeks has been shown [16]. Few studies have been done on the use of antioxidants and diazinon in form of intra-peritoneal as biomarkers of oxidative stress in different tissues. Dose toxicity studies, are different in terms of administration route, type of tissue, type of animal and the duration of contact [8-11].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamins E and C, as antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress caused by diazinon in the heart of Wister rats.
Research type
This is an experimental study.
Research society, place and time
Male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gr were studied in one of the Universities of Medical Sciences in Tehran (Iran).
Sampling method and number
36 rats were studied.
Used devices&materials
The mice were kept in the animal house under 12-hour light/darkness cycle at 22 ± 2 ° C. The animals had free access to food and water. 400 mg/ml diazinon (Supelco; USA), 600 mg/ ml vitamin E (Sigma, Germany) in the corn oil and 200 mg/ ml vitamin C (Sigma; Germany) in the distilled water were prepared as fresh. Then, the animals were divided into six 6-rat groups. Control group received corn oil (as solvent of Diazinon); Diazinon group received 100 mg/ kg diazinon [4]; vitamin E group received 150 mg/ kg vitamin E; vitamin C group received 200 mg/kg of vitamin C [17]; Diazinon-C group received 100 mg /kg diazinon and 200 mg vitamin C and Diazinon- E group received 100 mg/ kg diazinon and 150 mg/kg of vitamin E via intra-peritoneal injection. 24 hours after anesthesia by ether, heart tissue were removed and after rinsing with saline and removal of the blood, the heart tissues were transferred to liquid nitrogen and then stored at -70 ° C. On the test day, heart tissue was completely weighed carefully, and it was homogenized with phosphate saline with the ratio of 1 to 10; 15 min centrifuged (16000gr/ round) at 4 ° C. The supernatant was used to measure the desired parameters. Winterbourne method was used to measure SOD enzyme activity [18], Aebi method was used to measure the activity of catalase enzyme [19] and Habig method was used to measure GST enzyme activity [20]. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity was performed using Parsazmoon kit. Enzyme specific activity was calculated per mg protein. In addition, Sato method (to determine the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an end product of lipid peroxidation [21]), Ritz method (to measure the amount of glutathione (GSH) [22]) and Bradford method (to determine protein concentration [23]) were used. Data analysis was performed using InStat 3.3. To compare groups with control groups, as well as to compare between groups, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used [24, 25].
Findings by Text
Diazinon significantly increased activity of enzymes SOD, CAT, and GST and significantly reduced LDH enzyme activity compared with the control group. Diazinon treatment with vitamins C and E significantly increased the activity of SOD and GST enzymes in Group E-Diazinon and Group C-Diazinon and significantly decreased LDH enzyme activity in group C-Diazinon in comparison with control group. The change in activity of other antioxidant enzymes in the groups of Diazinon-E and Diazinon-C was not significant in comparison with Diazinon group. In addition, Diazinon significantly reduced the GSH concentration and increased concentration of MDA compared with the control group. MDA concentration reduction and GSH concentration increase in the groups of Diazinon-E and Diazinon-C were not significant comparing to Diazinon group (Table 1).
Main comparison to the similar studies
The use of diazinon increased the SOD and CAT activity in the Wister rat heart. Administration of vitamins C and E reduced to some extent the activity of these enzymes compared with diazinon group. Vitamins C and E reduce the toxicity of organophosphates (OPs), such as diazinon, methyl parathion, malathion and chlorpyrifos in different tissues [11, 16, 26-29]. These results agree with the results of this study. Diazinon increased GST activity in rat heart and vitamins E and C supplementation reduced enzyme activity compared with diazinon group. Following administration of some organophosphates, GST activity have been unchanged [30] increased [5, 25, 29] or decreased [24, 27, 28, 31]. Administration of vitamins C and E prevents the changes in GST activity caused by organophosphates in different tissues [11, 27-29]. … [32 By administration of diazinon, MDA increased in the heart. This increase is resulted from free radical production by diazinon and the increase of membrane lipid peroxidation. Vitamins C and E in the heart reduced the MDA level. Oral treatment of diazinon increase the lipid peroxidation in different tissues [8, 33, 34]. Different organnophosphorous administration such as diazinon, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate increases MDA concentration and vitamins E and C treatments reduce its concentration [11, 16, 24, 27-29]. Diazinon reduced LDH activity of the heart, while supplementations of vitamin C and E partially increase this enzyme activity compared with diazinon. LDH activity in the tissues of the spleen, brain, heart, liver and kidney decreases after administration of diazinon and Paraoxon [25, 31]. However, there was an increase in LDH activity in the liver, pancreas, brain and heart after the administration of diazinon [14, 17, 33]. … [35] Dekloroes administration increased the activity of LDH and oxidative stress in rats and vitamin C and E supplementation improves the activity of this enzyme [36]. 14-day administration of Diazinon increases LDH activity in the liver and its administration in combination with vitamins A, C and E reduces enzyme activity [37]. Administration of Diazinon reduced glutathione in rat heart. Oral administration of diazinon reduces glutathione in liver, kidney and heart [8, 14, 38]. Administration of different organophosphates reduces glutathione in different tissues and prescription of vitamins A, E and C improves it [14, 16, 27, 39].
Suggestions
To understand the exact mechanism of organophosphates and vitamins E and C, the expression of antioxidant enzymes and induction of cell death of apoptosis or necrosis in different tissues should be examined.
Limitations
Lack of measurement of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes activity and the concentration of glutathione oxidize were the limitations of this study.
Conclusions
Through free radical production, change in antioxidant enzyme activity, membrane lipid peroxidation increasing and glutathione (GSH) reduction, diazinon induces oxidative stress in the heart tissue. As antioxidant, vitamins C and E reduce oxidative stress caused by diazinon through free radical scavenging.
Acknowledgments
Researchers appreciate the cooperation of persons participating in this research and the Chemical Injuries Research Center of Baqiyatallah University (Tehran).
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest in this article.
Ethical Permissions
All the processes have been approved by the Ethics Committee of University of Medical Sciences.
Funding Sources
Chemical Injuries Research Center of a military university of Medical Sciences in Tehran funded the research.

TABLES and CHARTS

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