ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Karami   S. (*)
Ramezani   A.R. (1)






(*) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Training Shahid Rajaee University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Training Shahid Rajaee University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Address: No. 14, Sport Physiology Department, Hamshahri Institute, Touraj Street, Valiasr Street, Tehran, Iran
Phone: +98 (26) 34329028
Fax: +98 (21) 22046067
karami.sp@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  December  25, 2015
Accepted:  May 11, 2016
ePublished:  October 1, 2016

BRIEF TEXT


One of the adaptations which follows exercises in the body is increasing the blood flow. This causes better metabolism and provision of nutrition for the organs and better excretion of waste [1-4].

... [2-16]. In a research entitled The study of VEGF and Endostatin adjustment with the 8-week resistance exercises in diabetic mice, researchers found that resistance exercises are likely to increase angiogenesis in diabetic rats through reducing the Endostatin as an inhibitory factor in angiogenesis process, and it is beneficial for people with diabetes [17].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptability in response to excitatory and inhibitory factors of angiogenesis such as NO, VEGF and Endostatin after 4 weeks of increased resistance training in inactive men.

This is a quasi-experimental field study with two experimental and control groups.

The statistical population included 20 to 25-year old inactive male students living in the campus of Tehran University who were studying in the first semester of 2016.

20 healthy inactive male students aged from 20 to 25 living in Tehran University campus and studying in the first semester of 2016 were selected as available samples and entered the study. Not suffering from chronic diseases and injuries, not consuming food supplements or drugs and no experiences of any regular exercise for two years before the beginning of the study were the inclusion criteria. The subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, each with 10 people.

Anthropometric variables were measured as were the height and weight of the subjects using a medical scale equipped with Model 220 of height gauge (Seca; Germany). Body mass index was calculated by formula, and fat percentage of the subjects was measured and figured out using Seven point formula of subjects (total seven-point skinfold: arm triceps, subscapular, biceps, ultra-hip, abdomen, thigh) through a caliper (baseline, USA). Blood sampling (for assessing the levels of NO, VEGF and Endostatin factors) and measuring the maximum muscular strength (a maximum repetition) were done for the experimental group in order to adjust the intensity of resistance training program. Resistance training protocol included movements of leg press, back and front of the leg, breast press, biceps and downward bilateral stretch. All movements except for the breast press and biceps were performed with special devices under the control of the instructor and researcher. The movements of breast press were conducted while lying on the table through barbell and weights as were the movements of biceps using barbell by standing by the wall. Resistance training protocol was performed in three courses of 10 repetitions with 60-70 % of one maximum repetition and 2-minute breaks between courses for 4 weeks and each week for 3 sessions. To observe the principle of overload and gradual progress in the second week, the maximum repetition of these movements were again measured and in the next weeks, the participants exercised with 60-70% of a new maximum repetition [18]. Before doing any blood sampling, participants should not eat any meals for 2 hours and caffeine consumption must also be avoided for 12 hours [18]. Anthropometric assessments and blood sampling were performed on the subjects of the experimental and control groups in two stages, at the beginning and the end of training protocol. Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein of the subjects` non-dominant hands, in two stages, before and after the implementation of 4-week protocol. To omit the temporary effects of exercise, blood sampling was performed 48 hours after the last training session [19]. To test the Endostatin, VEGF and NO, ELISA kit for human Endostatin with the code of RAB0095 (Sigma; USA), ELISA kit for human VEGF with the code of RAB0508 (Sigma; USA) and calorimetry kit of ab65328 nitric oxide (Abcam; USA) in serum samples as well as sandwich ELISA method were utilized, respectively, in accordance with test method which was recommended in the brochure kit. First, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normality of data distribution as was Levine's test to evaluate the homogeneity of variances. In order to describe the dependent variables statistically, to test the hypothesis and to examine the relationship between variables, mean and standard deviation, independent and dependent T-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used, respectively. All the data was analyzed in the significance level of less than 0.05 using SPSS 18 software.

The mean age of subjects in the experimental and control groups was 23.20 ± 2.00 and 24.40 ± 1.00, respectively. Besides, their mean height in the experimental and control groups was 179.70 ± 4.10 and 175.30 ± 3.20 cm, respectively. 4 weeks of increased resistance training in inactive men led to significant intergroup changes in weight index, fat percentage and body mass index in the experimental group. Moreover, the levels of VEGF and NO in the experimental group in post-test stage had a significant increase compared to pre-test stage, while no significant changes was observed in the control group. The difference between the two groups was also significant in post-test phase. However, Endostatin levels in both groups after the test showed no significant increase compared to pre-test stage, and intergroup difference of Endostatin levels did not reveal any significant changes (Table 1). Only the variables of VEGF and NO had significant correlation (r=0.82; p=0.016) and among other factors, no significant correlation was observed (p>0.05).

... [19-21]. The results of this study contradicts the research by Shekarchizadeh et al. [12] but they are in line with the studies by Gavin et al. [13] and Turner et al. [22]. ... [23-29].

More researches are to be done due to the fact that the researchers have gained inconsistent results in studying the resistance training and its relationship with angiogenesis in active and inactive people.

The limitations of this study include not studying the active people, female participants and other inhibitory and excitatory factors of angiogenesis as well as comparing different training methods.

4 weeks of increased resistance training in inactive men has a significant effect on excitatory factors of angiogenesis (VEGF and NO), but such effect does not exist on inhibitory factor of angiogenesis (Endostatin).

Regards are addressed to all friends who have participated in this study.

Non-declared

First, the inclusion criteria for this study, potential problems and the times of blood sampling were fully and clearly explained to the subjects and then letters of consent were obtained to participate in the study.

The study was funded by the authors.

TABLES and CHARTS

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