ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Soori   R. (*)
Choopani   Z. (1)
Falahian   N. (2)
Choopani   S. (3)
Ramezankhani   A. (3)






(*) Sport Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Sport Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, between 15th and 16th Street, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
Phone: +98 (21) 61118859
Fax: +98 (21) 88351741
soori@ut.ac.ir

Article History

Received:  April  20, 2016
Accepted:  July 19, 2016
ePublished:  January 19, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


Coronary artery disease is one of the most important cardiovascular diseases that accounts for 50% of heart disease. The most important cause of coronary artery is atherosclerosis. This diseases is associated with abnormal accumulation of fat in the specific vessel wall and causes obstruction, stenosis, and loss of blood flow to the heart`s myocardial muscles [1].

Many research evidences, both in vitro and in nature, have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [2-14] of the garlic [15-18]. However, the garlic protective effects against cardiovascular diseases are less known [19]. … [20-23].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise activities along with garlic supplements on the levels of intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules in sedentary women.

This is an applied semi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design.

This study was conducted in 2015 among overweight women age 30-40 years who referred to health clinic in west of Tehran.

40 women were selected by random sampling. Conditions for entry into the study included the absence of known physical diseases such as cardiovascular, thyroid, respiratory, diabetes, cardiovascular, high blood lipids, pregnancy, bilateral ovarian and appendages removal, lack of professional exercise, non-use of drugs and oral and industrial supplements for the past six months and no smoking within the last 6 months. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of 10: exercise, exercise-garlic supplement, supplement and control.

Body composition indices including height, weight, and body fat percentage were measured, and in fasting condition, 10 cc of blood were taken from their anterior vein. The serum was obtained by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes and stored at -70 °C for further analysis. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were measured by ELISA model 2100 (Stat Fax; United States) using immunosorbent enzyme method and Elisa Kits (BMS232 & BMS232TEN Co., Netherlands) with a sensitivity of 0.6 ng/ml. Triglyceride was evaluated using a standard enzymatic method with a sensitivity of 5 mg/dl and cholesterol and HDL-C (High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) were measured with photometry method with a special kit (Parsazmoon; Iran) with a sensitivity of one milligram per deciliter; LDL-C (Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) was also obtained from the Friedwall equation. Subcutaneous fat was also calculated by using caliper in three points of the arm, abdomen, and above pelvis on the right side of the body and after placement in the general equation of Jackson and Pollock general equation, percentage of fat in the women was determined. In the supplement and exercise group, the daily supplemental value of 2 capsules of 500 mg (nature made brand; The United States; a health certificate was issued from the Food Inspection Department of Ministry of Health) and they were asked to take a capsule after the breakfast and dinner. The control-exercise group, also, used the same amount and volume of the placebo (500 mg dextrose) twice daily similar to the garlic supplement group. The control and supplement groups were presented in the research without any activity and exercise and exercise-supplemented groups completed the activity. The exercise protocol was based on the study of Choi et al. which was performed 5 times a week. Each session included 5 minutes of warm-up, 20 minutes of tensile training and then 45 minutes of aerobics running with intensity of 60 to 75% of maximum heart rate and finally 5 minutes of cooling down [24]. In order to control the diet of individuals during the study, a 24-hour food recall questionnaire was used. After the 10-wek training period and after 48 hours from the last day of training, anthropometric measurements and blood samplings were performed again under the same primary conditions of the subjects. In order to analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was first used to check the normal distribution of data. Then, after being sure of the normality of data and equation variance test, duality analysis of variance analysis was used to determine the interaction between the two exercise and supplement factors on the research variables. In case of significance of ANOVA, Tukey`s post hoc test was used to determine the between group differences. In order to determine the difference between pretest and posttest values in each group, dependent t-test was used. Statistical calculations were performed by SPSS 16 software.

Participants in the study had the mean age of 34.80±6.20 years, mean weight of 66.00±6.90 and mean height of 157.10±5.70 cm. The mean weight, fat percentage, body mass index (p<0.05) and LDL-C level (p=0.001) in the two exercise and exercise-supplement groups reduced significantly after 10 week intervention compared to the pretest values. However, the cholesterol level was significantly reduced only in the exercise-supplement group (p=0.005; Table 1). ICAM-1 variable in the exercise-supplement (p=0.009) and exercise (p=0.012) groups and VCAM-1 in the exercise-supplement (p=0.006)and supplement (p=0.008) groups, showed the significant difference in the posttest compared to pretest as well as compared to the control group (Figures 1 and 2). There was a significant interaction between exercise and supplement (p=0.005) and exercise alone had significant effect on the decrease of ICAM-1 index volume. In the mean of changes in this distribution, there was a significant difference between the exercise-supplement group with the control group (p=0.010), exercise-supplement and supplement groups (p=0.017), exercise and control groups (p=0.008) and exercise and supplement groups (p=0.011). On the other hand, the effect of supplementation, separately on decreasing VCAM-1 was significant (p=0.005) and the simultaneous intervention of exercise and supplement on the decrease of VCAM-1 was significant (p=0.001). In the mean of changes in this distribution, significant difference was observed between the supplement-exercise groups and control groups (p=0.008), exercise-supplement and exercise groups (p=0.015) and supplement and control groups (p=0.010).

… [24-25]. In a study conducted by Mogharnasi et al., it was found that 12 weeks of endurance exercise, significantly reduces ICAM-1 and LDL cholesterol levels [26]. These findings are consistent with the findings of this study which indicate the positive role of exercise in reducing ICAM-1 serum level. … [27-30].

It is suggested that more research be done in the future research; the diet be controlled and the other exercise protocol be compared with the protocol in this study.

The present study also had some limitations such as low number of subjects, lack of control of subjects’ activity outside the study time and lack of precise control of the subjects’ diet during the study.

10 weeks of exercise, combined with garlic supplementation, reduce the level of intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules in sedentary women.

Thanks to the courtesy subjects that without their cooperation it was impossible to do this research.

Non-declared

Volunteers completed the written consent form and expressed their readiness to participate in the study.

This study was conducted without financial support.

TABLES and CHARTS

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