ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Dehghanianfard   M. (* )
Ghanbarzadeh   M. (1)
Habibi   A.H. (1 )






(* ) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department, Physical Education & Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Golestan Street, Ahwaz, Iran
Phone: +98 (71) 42233451
Fax: +98 (71) 38256030
mmdehghanianfard@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  July  4, 2015
Accepted:  September 7, 2016
ePublished:  January 19, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-2]. Despite the positive effects of exercise, severe exercise as a stressful physiological factor can induce the synthesis of inflammatory factors in the body [3].

… [4-11]. One of the physiological roles of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid is its anti-inflammatory property that plays this role by changing the pathways of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. These pathways have severe inflammatory effects and omega-3 fatty acids by inhibiting these pathways lead to the formation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and the reduction of inflammatory eicosanoids [12]. Therefore, it is used in the treatment of various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases such as asthma, Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). … [14-17].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an acute aerobic exercise session along with omega-3 consumption on respiratory status of active individuals with EIB.

This is a semi-experimental and applied study.

This study was conducted in 2015 among male students of Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University.

87 male students volunteered to participate in this study via a recall. Inclusion criteria were: completing consent form, no history of chronic inflammation or injury, hypersensitivity to iodine and aspirin, coagulation disorders, diabetes, immune system disorders, digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders, maximum oxygen consumption above 45 ml/kg/min, and having bronchial constriction due to exercise [18]. Also, exclusion criteria were inability in performing pulmonary and exercises tests, and lack of supplementation. A total of 31 students with mild bronchospasm induced by exercise were studied in two groups of omega-3 (n=15) and control (n=16).

… [18-19]. In the first step, the Bruce protocol was used to measure the amount of VO2max (maximum oxygen consumption) using a gas analyzer (Ganshorn Model; Germany). Each subject while wearing a respiratory mask, conducted the bruce test on a treadmill (Saturn Model; hp/consume Co.; Germany) until the person was unable to continue the activity due to fatigue. In order to measure the incidence of bronchial congestion due to exercise, due to time constraints and a large number of subjects, pulmonary function was measured after VO2max test; in the way that 5-12 minutes after the end of the activity [5, 21], the volunteers` respiratory indicators were measured by digital spirometers (IF8 Model; Germany) and the minimum decrease of 6.5% in FEV1 level was considered as a diagnosis criterion of EIB [20]. In the second step, the subjects were asked to perform Astrand treadmill test as an acute aerobics activity until exhaustion. After exhaustion and 5-12 minutes after getting off the treadmill, their pulmonary function was measured by evaluating pulmonary static and dynamic volumes and capacities including PEF, MVV, FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FVC and VC using a spirometer device. In a single-blind design for the subject, the omega-3 group received 7 capsules of fish oil supplement (licensed by Nutri Century Corporation; Canada) containing 180 mg of EPA and 120 mg of DHA from the total of 1000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, and they were asked to take one supplement daily after a meal for three weeks. Finally, in the third step and the end of supplementation, pulmonary function was measured after an exhausting activity (Astrand Treadmill test) similar to pretest. All the tests were performed in the special laboratory of the Physical Education Department of Ahvaz Shahid Chamaran University. The findings of this study were analyzed using SPSS19 software. Descriptive statistics (mean) was used to describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and physiology of the subjects and Shapiro-Wilk method was used for evaluating the normality of data. Regarding the normality of the data, dependent t-test was used for within group comparison and covariance test (pretest was considered as a covariant factor) was used for between group comparison.

The results of demographic data in the two groups are presented in Table 1. 3 weeks consumption of omega-3 supplement significantly did not significantly change the pulmonary parameters of PEF, MVV, FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FVC and VC in subjects with exercise-induced bronchospasm (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the control group and the omega-3 group in terms of these parameters (p>0.05; Table 2).

The results of our study is not consistent with the findings of Mickleborough and Lindley. The results of their study showed that the 3-week consumption of omega-3 consumption containing 3200 mg EPA and 2000 mg DHA, decreased the parameters of MVM, FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75% in asthma patients with bronchial contraction. According to them, the increase in the levels of EPA and DHA with anti-inflammatory property is effective in controlling asthma. According to their findings, using fish oil supplements can inhibit the inflammation of the respiratory tract in people with asthma and elite athletes with EIB [14]. … [21-32].

It is recommended that more than one year of supplementation with omega-3 and its effect on pulmonary indices of athletes be investigated in future studies. However, according to the results of this study, it can be suggested that active individuals with mild EIB can use a variety of diets, especially in exercise classes, without using dietary supplements.

Of the limitations of this study, inability to accurately control of nutrition and exercise of the subjects during the test period as well as the presence of industrial pollutants and abundant dust in Ahvaz climate, the living and educational environment of the subjects can be mentioned.

A 3-week supplement with a 1000 mg of omega-3 with a dose of 180 mg of EPA and 120 mg of DHA is not a good way to reduce the resistance of the trachea duct in active people with mild EIB.

Thanks to the friendly and sincere cooperation of the study group as well as Dr. Hamed Rezai for his every moment accompaniment in conducting this research.

Non-declared

All the subjects completed the consent form of participating in this study.

This study is taken from MA thesis.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


CITIATION LINKS

[1]Toorang F, Djazayery A, Jalali M, Eshraghian MR, Farvid M, Pooya SH, et al. Effects of dietary omeg-3 fatty acid supplementation on HbA1c, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in type-2 diabetic patients: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Tech. 2009;3(4):1-8. [Persian]
[2]Tartibian B, Hajizadeh Maleki B, Abbasi A. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(2):281-6.
[3]Chubine S, Akbarnejad A, Barjian M, Kordri M. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on serum prostaglandin E2 female athletes after one session exhaustive exercise. Sport Biomotor Sci. 2013;15(4):121-33. [Persian]
[4]Zunemat Kermani Z, Marefati H. The prevalence of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction to specialized methods in elite endurance cyclists. Olympic. 2014;1(1):37-45. [Persian]
[5]Ansley L, Kippelen P, Dickinson J, Hull JH. Misdiagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in professional soccer players. Allergy. 2012;67(3):390-5
[6]Rabiee MA, GharariArefi R, Ghanbarzadeh M, Habibi A, Marashiyan H. Prevalence of respiratory tract obstruction in professional foreign wrestlers. J Sport Biomotor Sci. 2013;2(8):32-40. [Persian]
[7]Hemilä H. Vitamin C may alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: A meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2013;3(6):1-7.
[8]Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Wurfel MM, Schwartz LB, Henderson Jr WR, Aitken ML. Inflammatory basis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(6):679-86.
[9]Khajotia R. Exercise-induced asthma: Fresh insights and an overview. Malays Fam Physician. 2008;3(1):21-4.
[10]Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, Kaminsky DA, Rundell KW, Hull JH, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Criti Care Med. 2013;187(9):1016-27.
[11]Becker JM, Rogers J, Rossini G, Mirchandani H, D'Alonzo GE. Asthma deaths during sports: report of a 7-year experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(2):264-7.
[12]Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest. 2006;129(1):39-49.
[13]Sobhani V, Hajizadeh B, Bazgir B, Kazemipour M, Shamsoddini A, Shakibaey A. Effect of 8-week omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function during classic army ranger training. Feyz. 2014;17(6):553-60. [Persian]
[14]Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR. The Effect of Combining Fish Oil and Vitamin C on Airway Inflammation and Hyperpnea-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthma. J Allergy Ther. 2014;5(4):1-10.
[15]Choudhuri D, Choudhuri S. Effect of vitamin c supplementation on aerobic capacity, blood pressure and pulmonary functions in young male subjects. Euro J Sports Exerc Sci. 2013;2(2):6-11.
[16]Nadi E, Tavakoli F, Zeraati F, Goodarzi MT, Hashemi SH. Effect of vitamin C administration on leukocyte vitamin C level and severity of bronchial asthma. Acta Med Iran. 2012;50(4):233-8.
[17]Price OJ, Hull JH, Howatson G, Robson-Ansley P, Ansley L. Vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in athletes with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: A pilot study. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2015;9(3):369-78.
[18]Fatemi R, Ghanbarzadeh M. Assessment of air way resistance indexes and exercise-induced asthma after a single session of submaximal incremental aerobic exercise. J Hum Kinet. 2010;25(1):59-65.
[19]Rundell KW, Jenkinson DM. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in the elite athlete. Sports Med. 2002;32(9):583-600.
[20]Ziaee V, AhmadiNejad Z, Farahi A, Movahedi M, Mansoornia M. Comparison of pulmonary function tests before and after exercise pro and semiprofessional basketball. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2006;9(3):172-7. [Persian]
[21]McAnulty SR, Nieman DC, Fox-Rabinovich M, Duran V, McAnulty LS, Henson DA, et al. Effect of n-3 fatty acids and antioxidants on oxidative stress after exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(9):1704-11.
[22]Sallaoui R, Chamari K, Mossa A, Tabka Z, Chtara M, Feki Y, Amri M. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and atopy in Tunisian athletes. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9(1):8-12.
[23]Ziaee V, Yousefi A, Movahedi M, Mehrkhani F, Noorian R. The prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in soccer player children, ages 7 to 16 years. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;6(1):33-6.
[24]Ade CJ, Rosenkranz SK, Harms CA. The effects of short-term fish oil supplementation on pulmonary function and airway inflammation following a high-fat meal. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(4):675-82.
[25]Brannan JD, Bood J, Alkhabaz A, Balgoma D, Otis J, Delin I, et al. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophilia, and mast cell mediators in asthma. Chest. 2015;147(2):397-405.
[26]Moreira A, Moreira P, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Teixeira V, Padrao P, et al. Pilot study of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2007;17(5):309-13.
[27]Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, Rose MA, Lieb A, Sommerer PC, et al. Effect of n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Asthma after Low-Dose Allergen Challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;148(4):321-9.
[28]Hodge L, Salome CM, Hughes JM, Liu-Brennan D, Rimmer J, Allman M, et al. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(2):361-5.
[29]Arm JP, Horton CE, Mencia-Huerta JM, House F, Eiser NM, Clark TJ, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax. 1988;43(2):84-92.
[30]Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is… . J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(3):453-9.
[31]Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(10):1181-9.
[32]Mickleborough TD, Rundell KW. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma-and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(12):1335-46.