ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Akbari   M. (*1)






(*1) Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Yasuj University, Yasuj , Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Yasuj, Daneshjoo Steert, Yasuj, Iran. Postal Code: 7591775955.
Phone: +98 (74) 3100000
Fax: +98 (74)3100000
Mahmoodakbari91@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  August  27, 2020
Accepted:  September 26, 2020
ePublished:  March 18, 2021

BRIEF TEXT


Social security is the most important necessity for a good social life and makes all mental and physical powers to be improved.

Security and sense of being safe is an important issue in all other countries in the world. Blau & Blau (1982) showed there is a significant relationship between economic inequality and the rate of violent crime. When the economic inequality was redressed, there was no significant relationship between violence and poverty anymore. Justino (2003) believes strategies for improving the economic and social security of the Indian people are among the most essential variables for poverty reduction and economic growth. Malik (2016) believes urbanization is not the only factor increasing the crime rate; but other factors accompanying urbanization such as unemployment, inflation, and income inequality may lead to the rising crime rate. Shamsaldini & Jomani (2017) showed that 3 out of 31 provinces in Iran (Semnan, Tehran, and Alborz) are the most unsafe areas in terms of theft while Kurdestan, Zanjan, and Hamedan are the safest ones.

This study aimed to study social pathology and analyze the indicators related to Iran's social security using the combined solution technique.

This is an analytical study.

The current research is carried out in all 31 provinces of Iran in 2018.

There is no sampling method and number reported.

The Shannon entropy model was used for calculating the weight of nine studied indicators.

Using the CoCoSo technique, the study's indicators were normalized. Standardization is a common step in almost all multi-criteria decision-making methods. The first equation is used for the positive indicators and the second one is used for the negative ones. The smaller amounts of 18 indicators show the higher scores since they are negative indicators. After normalization, the third step is to estimate the accumulative weight (S) and multiplied weight (P) for each option. The amounts of S and P in the CoCoSo technique for Iran's social security indicators in 2018 are shown in Table 2. According to Figure 2, the minimum amount of calculated S is recorded for Tehran (0.1632) and its maximum amount is recorded in Bushehr (0.9826). The lowest P is recorded in Tehran (3.924) while the highest P is recorded in Bushehr (17.982).The options score is calculated using three strategies in equations (6), (7), and (8). In this equation, λ is determined by the decision-maker. In the current research, λ is equal to 0.5 to give more flexibility. Three strategies of the CoCoSo technique for Iran's social security indicators in 2018 are calculated in Table 3 and are shown in Figure 3. According to the first (Ka), second (Kb) and Third (Kc) strategies, Tehran has the lowest score with 0.007, 2, and 0.216 respectively. In the fifth step. The final score is calculated using equation number 9. In this step, a higher K score shows that option is better (Table 4).Accordingly, Tehran as the least secure province in terms of social security ranking 31 has the highest crime rate in 2018. Table 5 shows the developmental situation of Iran's provinces in 2018 using the Vikor technique.To evaluate the relationship between developmental level ranks (derived from Vikor model) and crime rate rank in Iran's provinces (derived from CoCoSo technique) Spearman correlation was used. There is a significant correlation between the developmental level of the provinces and their crime rate (-0.654) in a confidence level of 99%.

The results of the current research are inconsistent with the results McIlwaine (1999). He believed that the crime rate increases with growing development while this study shows increasing developmental level declines the crime rate. Natarajan (2016) claims that despite the developed countries, the crime rate is increasing in developing countries. While time series analysis in Iran as a developing country shows a decreasing crime rate. The results of Shamsaldini & Jomani are consistent with the results of the current research. Both studies mention Tehran as one of the most unsafe provinces.

There is no suggestion reported.

Nowadays, a wide variety of crimes are not recorded and reported in formal statistics presented by the governments.

Bushehr is in the green situation in terms of social pathology and is the most secure province in terms of the studied indicators. Tehran province ranking 31 is the most unsafe province. Such metropolises like Tehran are heterogeneous in terms of their ethnic groups, and economic and social units. Hence, the managers and politicians should collect precise information about them. Tehran's overpopulation and its position as the political capital might be the main reasons for its high crime rate and social problems.

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TABLES and CHARTS

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