ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Habibian   M. (*)
Valinejad   A. (1)






(*) Physical Education Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Qaemshahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahar, Iran
(1) Physical Education Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department of Physical Education, Human Sciences Faculty, Babol Street, Qaemshahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahar, Iran
Phone: +98 (11) 42155025
Fax: +98 (11) 42155117
habibian_m@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  September  19, 2016
Accepted:  August 4, 2017
ePublished:  September 28, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


Sport activity is a major stimulator for functional and metabolic adaptation in the neuromuscular system [1] and it has a positive effect on brain structure and cognitive function of humans [2]. Blood neurotrophins, such as the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BNDF) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), play a major role in mediating the desired effects of exercise on the brain through induction of cascade responses to environmental and central growth factors [2, 3].

… [4-10].In the results of the human studies, transient and moderate increase (about 20% to 40%) of BNDF levels were observed after acute exercise [11, 12], and it seems that a severe short-term exercise activity [12], or a moderate intensity exercise [11], is enough to raise BDNF levels. However, some researchers believe that low intensity exercise is not enough to increase its levels [13]. Also, there was no difference between IGF-1 response rate and acute exercise activity in athletes and non-athletes. Based on biological hypothesis, the IGF-1 response of athletes to exercise can be different from non-athletic subjects [14]. For example, basal IGF levels in the middle aged men (despite being higher than non-athlete subjects) tripled after a 60-minute treadmill on a workbench bike. While no significant difference was observed between IGF-1 levels in both groups after 60 minutes of low intensity exercise [15]. However, no change in the levels of IGF-1, following 20 minutes of workbench exercise with 90% maximum heart rate in young athletes and inactive subjects, as well as lower levels of basic athletes IGF-1, were mentioned in other researchers' findings [16].

Today, even professional athletes are keen to achieve maximum training results in the least amount of time and seek out practice protocols to achieve this goal [17]. However, despite the correlation between the response levels of BNDF and IGF-1 with endurance training intensity, the effect of aerobic training intensity on endurance runners is not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the response of BNDF and IGF-1 to two different endurance exercises in male runners.

This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design.

This research was conducted in 2016 among male athletes in Gorgan.

10 runner athletes were selected through targeted and convenience sampling.

The endurance training protocol included 6 km of moderate intensity (70-75% of heart rate) or high intensity (80-85% of heart rate reserve), which included two sessions of acute practice, with a week interval [18]. Exercise intensity was calculated for each subject using the heart rate reserve method (karvonen method) and determination of resting heart rate and maximum heart rate (220-age) of subjects. Blood samples of subjects were collected following 48 hours of inertia and 12 hours of fasting overnight (light diet on the night before blood sampling) in the previous stage (after 30 minutes of rest) and 5cc of the blood was collected of the vein of the left arm immediately after both sessions of acute exercise. Serum levels of BDNF were measured with Human BDNF Picokine ELISA kit (Boster Co., China) with a sensitivity of less than 2 pg/ml and serum levels of IGF-1 with a commercial kit of DRG IGF-1 600 ELISA kit with a sensitivity of 29.1 ng/ml and enzyme Radio-electronic devices according to the manufacturer's instructions. Initially, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used to determine the normal distribution of data, and the uniformity of variances respectively. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to examine in-group and between-group changes. All statistical analyses was performed using SPSS 20 software.

The subjects had the mean age of 22.00±1.15 years, mean weight of 74.10±2.30 kg and BMI of 24.70±1.20 kg/m2. Serum levels of both BNDF and IGF-1 variables increased significantly in runners following a moderate to high intensity exercise session. In addition, there was a significant difference between the percentage of mean changes in BNDF after both moderate and high intensity running i.e. running with high intensity was accompanied with significant and meaningful increase (32.2%) of BNDF serum levels compared with running with moderate intensity (0.08%) in young male runners. However, despite the increase in serum levels of IGF-1 in young runners after intensive acute training(7.75%), compared to moderate intensity training (6.74%), no significant difference was observed between the mean IGF-1 changes after this two types of acute exercises (p=0.343, Table 1).

Based on previous research, various stimuli have been shown to influence the intensity, duration, and type of activity of BNDF levels [19]. In this regard, Hayman et al. also showed a significant increase in BNDF levels after 60 minutes of cycling with intensity of 55% of maximum power output which had been followed by 30 minutes of cycling at 75% maximum power output in young male cyclists [20]. Also, Nouffaji et al. in comparing three types of acute aerobic exercises including cycling with increasing intensity, 30 minutes of cycling of 40% or 60% of maximum oxygen consumption on BNDF levels in active and inactive young women, found a significant increase in BNDF (with similar pattern) following both reported moderate and severe acute workouts in both groups [21]. Skomolski et al. showed that 40 minutes of intense aerobic exercise with an 80% of heart rate reserve led to more increase in BNDF levels compared to other acute exercises including 40 minutes of exercise with 60% heart rate reserve or 20 minutes of high and medium intensive aerobic training in healthy people [10]. … [22-26]. Also, Skoez et al. showed that IGF-1 levels in young men increased significantly after high intensity (13.3) and low intensity (7.7%) exercises [27]. Kramer et al. showed that IGF-1 levels significantly increased after one session of increasing interval exercise on treadmill (with intensities of 60, 75, 90, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) in highly trained males [28]. While, Mojri et al. did not see significant changes in levels of IGF-1 levels following a below maximal exercise session at different periods of a season in footballers [29]. The reason for this conflict may be related to age difference, physical condition, and the characteristics of the exercises of subjects. … [30-32].

It is suggested that more research be done with a larger number of samples to confirm the findings.

In this study, the growth of hormone response was not considered, which could be considered as limitation of this study.

An exercise session with moderate (70-75%) and high (80-85% of the heart rate reserve) intensities can lead to increased level of BNDF and IGF-1 in endurance athletes. Additionally, the BNDF response to intense exercise is more than the moderate exercise. However, increasing the level of IGF-1 is independent of the intensity of the two exercises.

Thanks and appreciation to all colleagues and students who helped us with this research.

There is no conflict of interest.

After completion of written consent and readiness, the subjects participated in the research.

This article is derived from the master's thesis with the code 20821404921025 without the use of any institutional funding.

TABLES and CHARTS

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