ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Descriptive & Survey Study

Authors

Zar   A. (1)
Ahmadi   M.A. (*)
Ahmadi   F. (2)
Ataee Gharache   N. (3)






(*) Exercise Physiology Department , Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(1) Sport Sciences Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran
(2) Exercise Physiology Department , Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(3) Sport Science Department, Education & Psychology Faculty, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran

Correspondence

Article History

Received:  November  28, 2016
Accepted:  January 18, 2017
ePublished:  April 24, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-5]. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between quality of life and psychological variables such as self-esteem [6, 7]. … [8-12]. Today, sport activities for veterans and disabled people have become especially important and have been removed from the amusement and therapeutic aspect and have been considered as a factor for the development of their physical and mental disorders [13]. … [14-18]. Narcissism is one of the old concept in psychology, and in particular in psychoanalytic school, which is now both a type of clinical disorder and a personality trait at the non-clinical level of the subject under study in research literature [19]. This concept has some negative consequences, including self-assertiveness and lack of empathy [20]. … [21, 22].



The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem and its relationship with the quality of life and narcissism among disabled and veterans professional cyclists participating in the championship.

This research is descriptive.

In 2016, samples were selected among physical-motor disabled and veteran cyclists who were involved in the national championship biking competition in Shiraz and were studied.

27 physical-motor disabled and veteran cyclists were selected through convenience sampling method and voluntarily were studied.

To collect data, three Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Health-Related Quality of Life Scale (SF-12) Questionnaire, and Amez Narcissism Personality Questionnaire (NPI-16) were used. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: This scale is provided by Maurice Rosenberg to measure overall self-esteem. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.78 for the English version of this questionnaire. This questionnaire has also been used in internal studies [23]. Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-12): This questionnaire was designed be Var et al. in 1996. The questionnaire which has 8 subscales, investigates life quality in terms of overall understating of their health, physical operation, physical health, emotional problem, physical pain, social function, vitality, and vital energy and mental health. The reliability of this scale was reported 0.89 for physical dimension and 0.76 for psychological dimension using test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha [24] … [25]. Amez Narcissism Personality Questionnaire (NPI-16): The NPI-16 questionnaire was used to measure characteristics related to narcissism personality that was designed by Amez et al. [26]. The tool has 16 pair items, and it lacks subscale. It evaluates narcissism based on the one-dimensional approach. The narcissism score ranges from zero to 16. The higher score indicates more narcissism, and vice versa. As a cutting point, the score of 8 upwards represents the narcissism personality. In the Iranian population, the test-retest reliability coefficient, the correlation coefficient index in determining Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and internal consistency measurement are 0.84, 0.74, 0.79 respectively [27]. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 statistical software.

The research units had the mean age of 35.85±10.38 years (in the range from 23 to 58 years), mean weight 65.88±7.95 kilogram, and mean height 170.88±6.87 centimeter. 16 of them were married and 11 were single. According to the mean scores, disabled and veteran professional cyclist enjoyed good self-esteem. They also had a good life quality, and had no narcissism character. There was no significant relationship between mean score of self-esteem and mean score of overall life quality as well as narcissism (p>0.05). Among the subscales of life quality, also, only there was a significant positive relationship between the subscale of vitality and vital energy with self-esteem (p=0.017; r=0.481) and other subscales of life quality did not have a significant relationship with self-esteem (p>0.05; Table 1).

Nuske et al. showed that women with physical-motor disabilities have lower self-esteem than other women and are more socially isolated [28]. Javaheri et al. in a study on 40 old men showed that the 8-week scheduled practice in water improves self-esteem in the elderly [29]. Amputation, in addition to the mental-psychological dimension, causes problems in the physical-social dimension and has significant effects on the quality of life of the individual [14]. Tahmasebi et al. showed that the quality of life of veterans and disabled people is not favorable [3]. Bakhtiari et al. also showed in their study that people with disabilities have lower score in life quality due to limitations in the physical and independence issues [31]. … [32]. According to Hatami et al., due to physical condition of the veterans and the disabled and the effect of this situation in their life quality, one of the best efforts to increase the morale and quality of life of these people is exercise [33]. The study of Mohammad Taghi et al. also indicates the effectiveness of physical activities on the life quality of veterans and non-veterans who have lower limb amputation [34]. The findings of this study showed that these athletes had no narcissism personality. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between self-esteem and the subscales of vitality and vital energy. However, no significant difference was observed between narcissism and self-esteem [35-36].

It is suggested that in a study, professional athlete veterans and disabled people be compared to their non-athlete counterparts in order to better assess the effect of exercise.

One of the limitations of this study was the lack of a non-athletic group and its comparison with veterans and disabled cyclists.

The veteran and disabled cyclists participating in the championship enjoy self-esteem and appropriate life quality. However, there is no relationship between their self-esteem and life quality and narcissisms.

The authors of the article appreciate all the veteran and disabled athletes who accompanied with the researchers in the study. Also, Mr. Mokhtar Noorafshan, president and Hamid Reza Emadi, Secretary of Fars Veteran and Disabled People Sport Association who sincerely cooperated with the researchers in this study are appreciated.

Non-declared

The present study has an ethical confirmation code no. IR.MIAU.REC.1395.108 from the Ethics Committee of the Azad University of Marvdasht.

This study was funded by the Research Deputy of Jahrom University.

TABLES and CHARTS

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