ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Hosseini   S.E. (*)
Ghanaatian   Z. (1)






(*) Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
(1) Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Science Faculty, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sadra Street, Shiraz, Iran. Postal Code: 71886-566575
Phone: +987143311148
Fax: +987143311148
ebrahim.hossini@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  October  12, 2015
Accepted:  January 11, 2016
ePublished:  March 5, 2016

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-15] Diabetes reduces serum level of testosterone and the weight of testis and causes abnormalities in the sperm cell lines [16]. Diabetes causes significant decreases in testosterone hormones and LH in induced diabetic rats [17]. … [18]

18 weeks 3-hour daily exposure to mobile phone radiation causes an increase in mortality of sperm cells [19]. … [20, 21]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of radiation caused by mobile phone on the serum level of sexual hormones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic adult male rats.

This is an experimental research.

190-200 gr Wistar male rats aged 90-100 days were studied in Islamic Azad University of Shiraz in 2015.

64 rats were studied.

The samples were divided into eight groups (n=8 per group) including non-diabetic control, diabetic control and six experimental groups. In order to induce diabetes in mice, 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ; Upjohn, USA) was injected as intraperitoneal [22]. Mice with blood sugar higher than 300 mg/dl in the blood serum were considered as diabetic mice. Non-diabetic control animals did not receive any treatment, and diabetic control group, also, received no specific treatment being diabetic. Experimental groups (1 to 6), after induction of diabetes, were exposed to 7 days for 2 hours of continuous mobile phone waves, an hour of continuous mobile wave, 2 hours of mobile phone pulsed ultrasound, an hour of mobile phone pulsed ultrasound, 2 hours of buzzer and 1 hour of buzzer, respectively. To create microwave radiation, two mobile phone devices (Nokia 120; Netherlands) were used with SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) equivalent to 15.1 W/Kg on head area and SAR equivalent to 0.6 W/Kg on the whole body. Telephone handsets were attached on the mice cages in a distance about 5 cm from the animal`s body and the cages were placed in a box made of aluminum all its sides being closed expect one side. To create waves, mobile phones were scheduled on the talk mode, and in the groups undergoing buzzer sound, the cages for keeping the mice were insulated similar to those of the groups undergoing by mobile phone waves. However, instead of cell phones the buzzer was used. At the end of the experiment, in order to measure serum levels of hormones, LH, FSH and testosterone, the mice blood samples were taken from their heart after anesthetizing the mice. The amount of LH and FSH hormones were measured using ELISA kit (Cusabio; USA), and the amount of testosterone was measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA) method through ELISA reader model NP4 plus (Hiperion; Germany) by a kit (GmbH, IBL; Germany). The results of the measurement of hormone levels were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using one-way ANOVA and Turkey post-hoc test. … [23-27]

A significant decrease was observed between the levels of testosterone hormone in diabetic control group and diabetic group undergoing 2 hours of buzzer and non-diabetic control group (p<0.005). A significant decrease was observed between the level of testosterone serum level in the experimental diabetic groups undergoing 1 and 2 hours of continuous and pulse mobile waves and the group undergoing one hour of buzzer sound and non-diabetic control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between hormone serum levels of FSH and LH in diabetic control group and non-diabetic control group, while a significant increase was observed in the levels of FSH hormone serum in the diabetic experimental group undergoing two hours mobile pulse waves compared to non-diabetic control group (p<0.005). A significant increase was observed between the serum levels of LH hormone in diabetic group undergoing one hour continuous mobile phone waves compared to non-diabetic control group and diabetic control group (p<0.005). An increase in LH hormone serum level was significant in the experimental groups undergoing 2 hours pulsed waves and continuous mobile waves compared to non-diabetic control group (p<0.005; Table 1).

In induced diabetic rats and diabetic rats exposed to continuous and pulsed mobile phone waves and sound stress induced by buzzer, a significant decrease was observed in the testosterone hormone level, whereas exposure to noise stress and mobile phone waves in the induced diabetic mice did not cause any significant reduction in the level of testosterone serum level induced by diabetes. Also, diabetes did not have any effect on the LH and FSH hormone level, whereas in the diabetic rats, exposure to mobile pulsed waves and exposure to two-hour continuous and pulsed mobile waves increased LH hormones that is probably due to the decrease in testosterone hormone and elimination of its negative feedback effect on the gonadotropin hormones. Somewhat contrary to the results of this study, a study shows that the mobile phone waves decreases the level of LH hormone serum, and does not have any significant effect on the level of FSH and prolactin hormones [28]. Also, contrary to the results of this study, it was found that the mobile phone waves do not have any significant effect on the serum level of testosterone hormone in the adult male rats [29]. Partly in line with the results of this study, in another research it is shown that although diabetes has no significant effect on the level of LH and FSH hormones, it can reduce testosterone hormone serum level due to damage in testicular tissue [30]. In line with this study, another study shows that diabetes causes a significant reduction in the level of testosterone hormone, and contrary to the findings of this research significantly reduces LH and FSH hormones in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [28]. Exposure to mobile phone radiation causes oxidative stress and increases active oxygen species in the testis [29]. In line with part of the results of this study, and unlike the other part, the results of another study show that the waves emitted by mobile phones do not cause significant changes in the levels of LH, and FSH hormones and testosterones [30]. Mobile phone waves reduce the serum levels of testosterone and increases FSH [31]. Noise and noise stress are effective on insulin secretion and endocrine testicular cells and function [32]. In line with some of the results of this study, data from another study shows that noise stress in non-diabetic males causes reductions in the testosterone hormone level, FSH, and LH [33]. It is also known that noise stresses reduces the level of sexual hormones in non-diabetic rats [34]. The results of another study show that the stress reduces the size and weight of testis as well as its secretion and spermatogenesis functioning [35].

Commenting on the impact of mobile phone radiation on pituitary-gonad axis functioning in the adult male rats needs more studies in the laboratories that are isolated from any electromagnetic waves.

One of the limitations of this study was the presence of electromagnetic waves emitted by other devices such as telecommunication towers in the geographical area of the laboratory, satellite parameters, etc.

Diabetes and exposure to mobile waves and the resulted noise stress from the buzzer result in a reduction in the testosterone hormone in the diabetic rats. In addition, diabetes with mobile phone waves increases LH and FSH in the adult Wistar rats that is probably due to removal of negative feedback of testosterone on the secretion of LH and FSH.

Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz is appreciated.

Non-declared

In all test procedures, standard methods were noticed based on the ethical considerations of working with animals.

This study was financially supported by the Research Department of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz.

TABLES and CHARTS

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