@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):131-136
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):131-136
Effect of Mobile Radiation and Diabetes on Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Function in Adult Male Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hosseini S.E. (*)Ghanaatian Z. (1)
(*) Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
(1) Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Science Faculty, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sadra Street, Shiraz, Iran. Postal Code: 71886-566575Phone: +987143311148
Fax: +987143311148
ebrahim.hossini@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 12, 2015Accepted: January 11, 2016
ePublished: March 5, 2016
BRIEF TEXT
… [1-15] Diabetes reduces serum level of testosterone and the weight of testis and causes abnormalities in the sperm cell lines [16]. Diabetes causes significant decreases in testosterone hormones and LH in induced diabetic rats [17]. … [18]
18 weeks 3-hour daily exposure to mobile phone radiation causes an increase in mortality of sperm cells [19]. … [20, 21]
This study aimed to investigate the effect of radiation caused by mobile phone on the serum level of sexual hormones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic adult male rats.
This is an experimental research.
190-200 gr Wistar male rats aged 90-100 days were studied in Islamic Azad University of Shiraz in 2015.
64 rats were studied.
The samples were divided into eight groups (n=8 per group) including non-diabetic control, diabetic control and six experimental groups. In order to induce diabetes in mice, 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ; Upjohn, USA) was injected as intraperitoneal [22]. Mice with blood sugar higher than 300 mg/dl in the blood serum were considered as diabetic mice. Non-diabetic control animals did not receive any treatment, and diabetic control group, also, received no specific treatment being diabetic. Experimental groups (1 to 6), after induction of diabetes, were exposed to 7 days for 2 hours of continuous mobile phone waves, an hour of continuous mobile wave, 2 hours of mobile phone pulsed ultrasound, an hour of mobile phone pulsed ultrasound, 2 hours of buzzer and 1 hour of buzzer, respectively. To create microwave radiation, two mobile phone devices (Nokia 120; Netherlands) were used with SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) equivalent to 15.1 W/Kg on head area and SAR equivalent to 0.6 W/Kg on the whole body. Telephone handsets were attached on the mice cages in a distance about 5 cm from the animal`s body and the cages were placed in a box made of aluminum all its sides being closed expect one side. To create waves, mobile phones were scheduled on the talk mode, and in the groups undergoing buzzer sound, the cages for keeping the mice were insulated similar to those of the groups undergoing by mobile phone waves. However, instead of cell phones the buzzer was used. At the end of the experiment, in order to measure serum levels of hormones, LH, FSH and testosterone, the mice blood samples were taken from their heart after anesthetizing the mice. The amount of LH and FSH hormones were measured using ELISA kit (Cusabio; USA), and the amount of testosterone was measured using radioimmunoassay (RIA) method through ELISA reader model NP4 plus (Hiperion; Germany) by a kit (GmbH, IBL; Germany). The results of the measurement of hormone levels were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using one-way ANOVA and Turkey post-hoc test. … [23-27]
A significant decrease was observed between the levels of testosterone hormone in diabetic control group and diabetic group undergoing 2 hours of buzzer and non-diabetic control group (p<0.005). A significant decrease was observed between the level of testosterone serum level in the experimental diabetic groups undergoing 1 and 2 hours of continuous and pulse mobile waves and the group undergoing one hour of buzzer sound and non-diabetic control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between hormone serum levels of FSH and LH in diabetic control group and non-diabetic control group, while a significant increase was observed in the levels of FSH hormone serum in the diabetic experimental group undergoing two hours mobile pulse waves compared to non-diabetic control group (p<0.005). A significant increase was observed between the serum levels of LH hormone in diabetic group undergoing one hour continuous mobile phone waves compared to non-diabetic control group and diabetic control group (p<0.005). An increase in LH hormone serum level was significant in the experimental groups undergoing 2 hours pulsed waves and continuous mobile waves compared to non-diabetic control group (p<0.005; Table 1).
In induced diabetic rats and diabetic rats exposed to continuous and pulsed mobile phone waves and sound stress induced by buzzer, a significant decrease was observed in the testosterone hormone level, whereas exposure to noise stress and mobile phone waves in the induced diabetic mice did not cause any significant reduction in the level of testosterone serum level induced by diabetes. Also, diabetes did not have any effect on the LH and FSH hormone level, whereas in the diabetic rats, exposure to mobile pulsed waves and exposure to two-hour continuous and pulsed mobile waves increased LH hormones that is probably due to the decrease in testosterone hormone and elimination of its negative feedback effect on the gonadotropin hormones. Somewhat contrary to the results of this study, a study shows that the mobile phone waves decreases the level of LH hormone serum, and does not have any significant effect on the level of FSH and prolactin hormones [28]. Also, contrary to the results of this study, it was found that the mobile phone waves do not have any significant effect on the serum level of testosterone hormone in the adult male rats [29]. Partly in line with the results of this study, in another research it is shown that although diabetes has no significant effect on the level of LH and FSH hormones, it can reduce testosterone hormone serum level due to damage in testicular tissue [30]. In line with this study, another study shows that diabetes causes a significant reduction in the level of testosterone hormone, and contrary to the findings of this research significantly reduces LH and FSH hormones in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [28]. Exposure to mobile phone radiation causes oxidative stress and increases active oxygen species in the testis [29]. In line with part of the results of this study, and unlike the other part, the results of another study show that the waves emitted by mobile phones do not cause significant changes in the levels of LH, and FSH hormones and testosterones [30]. Mobile phone waves reduce the serum levels of testosterone and increases FSH [31]. Noise and noise stress are effective on insulin secretion and endocrine testicular cells and function [32]. In line with some of the results of this study, data from another study shows that noise stress in non-diabetic males causes reductions in the testosterone hormone level, FSH, and LH [33]. It is also known that noise stresses reduces the level of sexual hormones in non-diabetic rats [34]. The results of another study show that the stress reduces the size and weight of testis as well as its secretion and spermatogenesis functioning [35].
Commenting on the impact of mobile phone radiation on pituitary-gonad axis functioning in the adult male rats needs more studies in the laboratories that are isolated from any electromagnetic waves.
One of the limitations of this study was the presence of electromagnetic waves emitted by other devices such as telecommunication towers in the geographical area of the laboratory, satellite parameters, etc.
Diabetes and exposure to mobile waves and the resulted noise stress from the buzzer result in a reduction in the testosterone hormone in the diabetic rats. In addition, diabetes with mobile phone waves increases LH and FSH in the adult Wistar rats that is probably due to removal of negative feedback of testosterone on the secretion of LH and FSH.
Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz is appreciated.
Non-declared
In all test procedures, standard methods were noticed based on the ethical considerations of working with animals.
This study was financially supported by the Research Department of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[2]Behari J. Biological responses of mobile phone frequency exposure. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(10):959-81.
[3]Hosain K, Samad F, Samsuddoha Alam M. Effects of electromagnetic fields on Mammalian cells. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2012;2(2):267-76.
[4]Hardell L, Sage C. Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008;62(2):104-9.
[5] Dasdag S, Taş T, Akdag MZ, Yegin K. Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015;34(1):37-42 .
[6]Christ A, Gosselin MC, Christopoulou M, Kühn S, Kuster N. Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(7):1767-83.
[7]Ahmadi Z, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, HashmbeniB, Karbalaee M. Effects of exposure to 900-MHz mobile-telephony radiation on growth and metabolism of human-adipose-derived stem cells. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2015;32(316):2269-78.
[8]Gutschi T, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Shamloul R, Pummer K, Trummer H. Impact of cell phone use on men's semen parameters. Androl. 2011;43(5):312-16.
[9]Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: An vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(7):840-3.
[10]Avendano C, Mata A, Sanchez Sarmiento CA, Doncel GF. Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):39-45.
[11]Gul A, Celebi H, Ugras S. The effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on ovarian follicles in rats. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280(5):729-33.
[12]Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO. Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int J Androl. 2010;33(1):88-94.
[13]Kismali G, Ozgur E, Sayiner S, Alpaslan B, Guler G, Seyhan N, et al. The evaluation of Epigallocatechin Gallate and N-acetylcysteine on serum testosterone levels in male guinea pigs expose to cell phone microwave. J Anim Vet Adv. 2009;8(6):1149-51.
[14]Hosseini SE, Tavakoli F, Karami M. Medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Excell. 2014;2(2):64-89. [Persian]
[15]Ashraf A, Khaneshi F, Rafiee Raki F, Nejati V. Evaluation of aqueous extract of berberis integerrima root on the testis tissue and testosterone levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Qom Univ Med Sci. 2013;7(4):28-35. [Persian]
[16]Kazeminiya SM, Ebrahimi Vasati Kalayi S, Nasri S. Effect of dietary intake alcoholic extract of palm pollen (l.phoenix dactylifera) on pituitary-testicular axis in male diabetic rats. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2014;23(1):167-75. [Persian]
[17]Ostovanpi F, Gol A, Olomi H. Effects of Citrullus Colocynthis pulp on serum testosterone and LH levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;18(3):347-53.
[18]- Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Heydari H. Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of dorema aucheri on serum levels of testosterone, fsh and sperm count in Nicotinamide-stz- induced diabetic rat models. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2013;21(87):22-31. [Persian]
[19]Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. Mobile phone exposure does not induce apoptosis on spermatogenesis in rats. Arch Med Res. 2008;39(1):40-4.
[20]Hajiuon B. effects of garlic (Allium Sativum l.) hydroalcoholic extract on estrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels in rats exposed to cell phone radiation. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2014;16(12):19-24.
[21]Jelodar G, Zare Y. Effect of radiation leakage of microwave oven on rat serum testosterone at pre and post pubertal stage. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2008;15(4):64-8. [Persian]
[22]Lenzen S. The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced Diabetes. Diabetol. 2008;51(2):216-26.
[23]Guneli E, Tugyan K, Ozturk H, Gumustekin M, Cilaker S, Uysal N. Effect of melatonin on testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Eur Surg Res. 2008;40(4):354-60.
[24]Sudnikovich E, Maksimchik Y, Zabrodskaya S, Kubyshin V. Melatonin attenuates metabolic disorders due to streptozotocin induced diabetes in rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;569(3):180-7.
[25]Erfani Majd N, Bahrami M, Morovati H, Najafzadehvarzi H. The protective effect of Aloe vera on histological and histometrical structure of diabetic rat testi. Sci Res Iran Vet J. 2013;9(2):78-87. [Persian]
[26]Prasad SK, Kulshreshtha A, Qureshi TN. Antidiabetic activity of some herbal plants in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats. Pak J Nutr. 2009;8(5):551-7.
[27]Florence NT, Théophile D, Paul Désiré DD, Bertin V, Etienne D, Beauwens R, et al. Antidiabetic activities of methanol-derived extractof Dorstenia picta twigs in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian J Tradit Med. 2007;2(4):140-8.
[28]Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, et al. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive or¬gan of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med J. 2005;26(3):405-10.
[29]Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O. Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800 MHz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mutat Res. 2005;583(2):178–83.
[30]Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductivepattern in male wistar rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;164(4):546-59.
[31]Sarookhani MR, Asiabanha Rezaei M, Safari A, Zaroushani , Ziaeiha M. The influence of 950 MHz magnetic field (mobile phoneradiation) on sex organ and adrenal functions of male rabbits. Afr J Biochem Res. 2011;5(2):65-8.
[32]Swami CG, Ramanathan J, Charan Jeganath C. Noise exposure effect on testicular histology, morphology and on male steroidogenic hormone. Malays J Med Sci. 2007;14(2):28-35.
[33]Saki Gh, Jalali MS, Sarkaki AR, Karami Kh. Effect of supplementation of zinc on fertilization capacity of malerats exposed to noise stress. Sci J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2013;21(1):25-35. [Persian]
[34]Saki Gh, Nasri S, Jalali M, Gholami M. The effect of noise pollution on Pituitary-Gonadal hormones in male rat. Yafteh. 2014;15(4):44-51. [Persian]
[35]Rai J, Pandey SN, Srivastava RK. Effect of immobilization stress on spermatogenesis of albino rats. J Anat Soc India. 2003;52(1):52-7.
[2]Behari J. Biological responses of mobile phone frequency exposure. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(10):959-81.
[3]Hosain K, Samad F, Samsuddoha Alam M. Effects of electromagnetic fields on Mammalian cells. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2012;2(2):267-76.
[4]Hardell L, Sage C. Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008;62(2):104-9.
[5] Dasdag S, Taş T, Akdag MZ, Yegin K. Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015;34(1):37-42 .
[6]Christ A, Gosselin MC, Christopoulou M, Kühn S, Kuster N. Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(7):1767-83.
[7]Ahmadi Z, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, HashmbeniB, Karbalaee M. Effects of exposure to 900-MHz mobile-telephony radiation on growth and metabolism of human-adipose-derived stem cells. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2015;32(316):2269-78.
[8]Gutschi T, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Shamloul R, Pummer K, Trummer H. Impact of cell phone use on men's semen parameters. Androl. 2011;43(5):312-16.
[9]Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: An vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(7):840-3.
[10]Avendano C, Mata A, Sanchez Sarmiento CA, Doncel GF. Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):39-45.
[11]Gul A, Celebi H, Ugras S. The effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on ovarian follicles in rats. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280(5):729-33.
[12]Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO. Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on testicular function and structure in adult rabbit. Int J Androl. 2010;33(1):88-94.
[13]Kismali G, Ozgur E, Sayiner S, Alpaslan B, Guler G, Seyhan N, et al. The evaluation of Epigallocatechin Gallate and N-acetylcysteine on serum testosterone levels in male guinea pigs expose to cell phone microwave. J Anim Vet Adv. 2009;8(6):1149-51.
[14]Hosseini SE, Tavakoli F, Karami M. Medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Excell. 2014;2(2):64-89. [Persian]
[15]Ashraf A, Khaneshi F, Rafiee Raki F, Nejati V. Evaluation of aqueous extract of berberis integerrima root on the testis tissue and testosterone levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Qom Univ Med Sci. 2013;7(4):28-35. [Persian]
[16]Kazeminiya SM, Ebrahimi Vasati Kalayi S, Nasri S. Effect of dietary intake alcoholic extract of palm pollen (l.phoenix dactylifera) on pituitary-testicular axis in male diabetic rats. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2014;23(1):167-75. [Persian]
[17]Ostovanpi F, Gol A, Olomi H. Effects of Citrullus Colocynthis pulp on serum testosterone and LH levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;18(3):347-53.
[18]- Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Heydari H. Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of dorema aucheri on serum levels of testosterone, fsh and sperm count in Nicotinamide-stz- induced diabetic rat models. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2013;21(87):22-31. [Persian]
[19]Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. Mobile phone exposure does not induce apoptosis on spermatogenesis in rats. Arch Med Res. 2008;39(1):40-4.
[20]Hajiuon B. effects of garlic (Allium Sativum l.) hydroalcoholic extract on estrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels in rats exposed to cell phone radiation. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2014;16(12):19-24.
[21]Jelodar G, Zare Y. Effect of radiation leakage of microwave oven on rat serum testosterone at pre and post pubertal stage. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2008;15(4):64-8. [Persian]
[22]Lenzen S. The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced Diabetes. Diabetol. 2008;51(2):216-26.
[23]Guneli E, Tugyan K, Ozturk H, Gumustekin M, Cilaker S, Uysal N. Effect of melatonin on testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Eur Surg Res. 2008;40(4):354-60.
[24]Sudnikovich E, Maksimchik Y, Zabrodskaya S, Kubyshin V. Melatonin attenuates metabolic disorders due to streptozotocin induced diabetes in rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;569(3):180-7.
[25]Erfani Majd N, Bahrami M, Morovati H, Najafzadehvarzi H. The protective effect of Aloe vera on histological and histometrical structure of diabetic rat testi. Sci Res Iran Vet J. 2013;9(2):78-87. [Persian]
[26]Prasad SK, Kulshreshtha A, Qureshi TN. Antidiabetic activity of some herbal plants in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats. Pak J Nutr. 2009;8(5):551-7.
[27]Florence NT, Théophile D, Paul Désiré DD, Bertin V, Etienne D, Beauwens R, et al. Antidiabetic activities of methanol-derived extractof Dorstenia picta twigs in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian J Tradit Med. 2007;2(4):140-8.
[28]Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, et al. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive or¬gan of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med J. 2005;26(3):405-10.
[29]Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O. Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800 MHz) in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mutat Res. 2005;583(2):178–83.
[30]Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductivepattern in male wistar rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;164(4):546-59.
[31]Sarookhani MR, Asiabanha Rezaei M, Safari A, Zaroushani , Ziaeiha M. The influence of 950 MHz magnetic field (mobile phoneradiation) on sex organ and adrenal functions of male rabbits. Afr J Biochem Res. 2011;5(2):65-8.
[32]Swami CG, Ramanathan J, Charan Jeganath C. Noise exposure effect on testicular histology, morphology and on male steroidogenic hormone. Malays J Med Sci. 2007;14(2):28-35.
[33]Saki Gh, Jalali MS, Sarkaki AR, Karami Kh. Effect of supplementation of zinc on fertilization capacity of malerats exposed to noise stress. Sci J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2013;21(1):25-35. [Persian]
[34]Saki Gh, Nasri S, Jalali M, Gholami M. The effect of noise pollution on Pituitary-Gonadal hormones in male rat. Yafteh. 2014;15(4):44-51. [Persian]
[35]Rai J, Pandey SN, Srivastava RK. Effect of immobilization stress on spermatogenesis of albino rats. J Anat Soc India. 2003;52(1):52-7.