@2024 Afarand., IRAN

---

ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):43-49

Background
... [1]. One of the known factors in apoptosis changes with age, is free radicals and changes in the amount of antioxidants with internal origin and the development of stress-oxidative stress indices. In fact, oxidative stress is a means of apoptosis in order to disturb the proportion between death and cell birth and lead the person to death [2].
Previous Studies
... [3-11]. In their study, Mediroos et al. examined two types of simultaneous exercises in obese individuals and showed that both types of exercise can lead to weight loss and oxidative stress reduction, although the number of weekly sessions per week is important [12]. ... [13-15]. Research findings have shown that L-arginine is a good protector in human body against damage from free radicals [16]. ... [17, 18]. It has been reported that fourteen weeks of combined training in elderly men resulted in a significant decrease in MDA and PC and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [19].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of combined training and supplemental L-arginine on 8-OHdG, MDA, and TAC in elderly men.
Research type
This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and two-way blinded method.
Research society, place and time
The community included elderly men in Isfahan in 2017.
Sampling method and number
44 elderly men were selected voluntarily and in a convenient sampling method from Isfahan city in 2017, using NCSS PASS 11 software, randomly divided into 4 groups of 11 persons: exercise + supplementation (ES), exercise + placebo (EP) , Supplementation, and control. The criteria for entering the study included male gender, age range of 60-75 years old, lack of regular resistance training during the past six months, written willingness and informed consent for participation in the study. Exit criteria included the presence of acute illness (acute articular disease and bone softness, bone fractures), inability in doing resistance exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, the use of anti-oxidant supplements and unwillingness to attend the study at any time.
Used devices&materials
The ES group, carrying out three sessions per week exercise of the protocol, received 1,000 mg of L Arginine supplement daily from the Karen Pharmaceuticals Company PNC, code 6261405113328 approved by the Ministry of Health of Iran, in 1000 mg capsules (including L-arginine Hydrochloride, Microcrystalline Cellulose, PVP , Magnesium, Stearate) on a daily basis [15]. The EP group, in addition to the exercise, used maltodextrin as placebo in the same amount and as the actual supplemental form. It is worth noting that taking L-arginine supplementation and placebo was prescribed one hour after breakfast and with a full stomach, and one hour before the exercise. The supplement group also used only 1000 mg of Arginine supplement every day without any exercise activity [15]. ... [20-25]. Control group, performed daily tasks like before without any activity and without any supplementation. This research was carried out at the same time in the four groups, which lasted eight weeks. The exercise program included endurance and resistance training at the same time for eight weeks, three sessions a week, every other day from simple to difficult exercises and low to high intensity exercises, taking into account the principle of overload and increased exercise intensity. Aerobic exercises also included the use of a fixed bike [26]. In the first week, 60% of the heart rate was started for subjects and lasted 16 minutes, reaching the target endpoint for 30 minutes and 80-88% heart rate. Exercise intensity was controlled by using the resting heart rate of the subjects and the karvonen formula before the start of the training, during the exercise, and after the activity in each session using the Pollard pulse rate monitor. Also, the Borg Scale, a very useful and important scale in elderly and people with a disease, as well as those who use the medicine, was trained to determine severity. At first, resistance training followed by an aerobic training with the interval of 2 minutes was performed [27]. To collect blood samples, 5 cc of blood from the subject's vein was taken before and 48 hours after the last exercise session, after 12 hours of fasting between 8:00 and 10:00 am. Samples were poured into EDTA-containing tubes and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm, and after separation of plasma from the serum, they were transferred to the laboratory for further steps and kept at -20 ° C. The standard enzymatic method and the kit prepared from Pars test were measured and the lipid profiles (LDL, VLDL, HDL, TC and TG) were measured using an auto analyzer. Also, for measuring biochemical variables, an ELISA reader device and ELISA method using special measuring kits, a special 8-OHdG kit of Cat.No: CK-E90285 number with a sensitivity of 0.25 ng / ml, a special MDA kit for Cat . No: CK-E10376 with a sensitivity of 0.22 nmol / ml, a specific TAC kit, Cat.No: CK-E90262, with a sensitivity of 0.03 U / ml, all prepared from America's EASTBIOPHARM Corporation, was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and MVN and MMM software package R 3.4.1. Assumptions of multivariate analysis of variance using Mardia's test for data naturalness and Box's M test for homogeneity of variance-covariance matrix [28]. Also, the assumptions of single-variable variance analysis were used by Shapiro-Wilk test to normalize single-variable data and Levene test for homogeneity of variances. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare the two groups and repeated variance analysis were used to examine the changes from pretest to posttest and plotting the figures.
Findings by Text
The mean age was 67.77 ± 4.61. The mean height was 168.38 ± 3.22 and the mean weight was 70.45 ± 4.99. Considering the significant relationship was observed between the 8-OHdG and MDA oxidative stress variables (r = 0.80, P <0.001), MDA and TAC (r = -0.36, p=0.018) and 8-OHdG and TAC (r = -0.34, P=0.024); and lipid profile variables (LDL, VLDL, HDL, TC, and TG). After examining and confirming the assumptions of single and multiple variance analysis, the significant effect of the group on 8 -OHdG, MDA and TAC (P <0.001, Partial Eta Square=0.64, wilks lambada=0.046) and VLDL, HDL, TC and TG (P <0.001, Partial Eta Square=0.61, lambada=wilks 0.058) was simultaneously observed . Regarding the significance of multivariate analysis of variance, the effect of the group was evaluated using one-variable variance analysis on single variables and it showed the results of the group's significant effect on the individual oxidative stress variables 8-OHdG, MDA and TAC and lipid profile variables (VLDL, HDL, TC and TG) (P <0.001; Table 2; Figure 1).
Main comparison to the similar studies
... [28]. Studies have shown that long-term resistance and endurance exercises play a role in enhancing the production of endogenous antioxidants in controlling oxidative stress [29]. ... [30-32]. Regarding the effect of arginine on the muscle protein anabolism in the elderly, the use of L-arginine supplementation has been shown to increase capillary and blood flow and also increase blood plasma levels [32]. Sport and L-Arginin have been reported to lead to more gene expression and growth hormone protein in rats [33]. ... [34]. Giawa et al. have shown that a supplement of 2000 milligrams of L-arginine per day for 28 days resulted in a significant increase in the level of total antioxidant activity in patients with atherosclerosis [35]. Some studies did not show significant changes in the level of antioxidants and oxidative stress indices with supplementation. For example, Tripani et al. have determined that L-arginine supplementation of 3000 mg / day for 15 days in patients with ischemic heart does not significantly alter the anti-oxidants of the internal origin [16]. ... [35, 36].
Suggestions
It is very important to consider composition, structure, complementary type as well as individual fitness program, and this can be studied.
Limitations
None declared.
Conclusions
Combined exercise and simultaneous consumption of L-Arginine supplementation improves the antioxidant system and lipid profiles in the elderly.
Acknowledgments
The authors of this article are grateful to all participants in this research.
Conflict of interest
No conflicts of interest have been expressed by the authors.
Ethical Permissions
In this study, it has been tried to observe all ethical issues. For this purpose, this study was conducted under the supervision of the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.TBZMED.REC.1396.1136.
Funding Sources
None declared.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file