ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Malekiha   M. (*1)
Moradi   B. (2)






(*1) Counseling Department, Humanities Faculty, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University(HMU), Qom, Iran
(2) Counseling Department, Humanities Faculty, Khomainicity Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Correspondence

Article History

Received:  December  6, 2018
Accepted:  June 12, 2019
ePublished:  July 21, 2019

BRIEF TEXT


. ... [1] … One of the most important psychological injuries is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims [2].

... [3-6]. While several therapies have been used to treat people with PTSD, the success rate has generally been relatively low to moderate. ... [7]. One of the treatments that has been taken into consideration by therapists in recent years is the time perspective therapy [8]. …[9, 10]. ... [11, 12]. According to the time perspective therapy, the disease is caused by staying in a time perspective. PTSD is a negative result of past stagnation. In other words, in this disorder, the person returns with the slightest sign to his negative and unpleasant past [13]. ... [14, 15]. PTSD has many implications for a person's physical and psychological dimension. The reduction of psychological well-being and happiness are just two examples of the psychological consequences of this disorder [16]. ... [17-20].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.

This research is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and one control group.

This research was carried out among the veterans with PTSD, who referred to the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan in 2017.

The inclusion criteria included willingness for participation in the research, at least secondary school education, no attendance at other educational courses, no symptoms of other disorders plus PTSD and no other diagnoses associated with PTSD and the exclusion criteria included the absence of more than three sessions and unwillingness to continue to participate in the research. After informing the content and time and place of the meetings, a list of volunteer veterans (34 people) was provided for participation in the study, and prior the research, four subjects refused to cooperate. Therefore, 30 veterans were selected and randomly divided into the experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups.

At first, an Introduction letter was issued by the university and the necessary permissions were obtained to perform the research in the hospital. Further, coordination with the relevant departments in the hospital was carried out to inform the time and place of the research. The consent to participate in the study, distribution and collection of questionnaires by the researchers at all stages, and the lack of mention of the name in the questionnaires were considered as ethical considerations in the study. The research instruments were the Oxford happiness questionnaire [21-25] and a shortened 18-item version of the Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire [26-29]. Before the intervention in the experimental group, the happiness scale and the psychological well-being questionnaire were completed by the experimental and control groups as a pre-test. Subsequently, the time perspective therapy in eight 90-min sessions was performed for the experimental group [10]. Control group did not receive intervention. After completing the educational sessions, the happiness scale and the psychological well-being questionnaire were used as a post-test in both experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 using univariate and multivariate covariance analyses. It should be noted that for the covariance analysis test, we used the Levwn’s test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Ljung-Box test and their results were investigated.

The mean age in the experimental and control groups was 49.07 ± 5.92 and 51.20 ± 6.74 years, respectively. In the experimental group, 10 subjects had below diploma degree (66.7%), 5 subjects had diploma and above degrees (33.3%) and in the control group, 9 subjects had below diploma degree (60.0%) and 6 subjects (40.0%) had diploma and above degrees. The mean scores of psychological well-being and happiness were significantly different between the experimental and control groups in the post-test by controlling the pre-test effect, and the intervention significantly increased the mean scores of these variables (Table 1). Moreover, the mean scores of dimensions of psychological well-being and happiness variables (except for the aesthetic appreciation) between the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage were significantly different by controlling the effect of pre-test and interventional therapy significantly increased the mean scores in these dimensions (Tables 2 and 3).

The results of this study showed that the time perspective treatment is effective on the increase of psychological well-being and its dimensions in veterans with PTSD, which is consistent with other studies [14, 30, 31]. In these studies, which was conducted on people with PTSD, the role of providing a safe platform in the time perspective therapy has been confirmed in reflecting past memories and its impact on reducing the negative past effects and increasing the sense of psychological well-being. In other studies on the factors affecting psychological well-being, the role of time perspective therapy and the effectiveness of treatment based on this approach have been confirmed [32-34]. The results of this study showed that the time perspective therapy is effective on the increase of happiness and its dimensions in veterans with PTSD. The main goal in this therapeutic approach is changing the attitudes toward past stressful events, to achieve a pleasure and attention to the future that promotes happiness. This finding is consistent with previous studies [35-37]. According to the findings of previous studies [10], fixation in one of the past, present and future times can reduces people's happiness. In a study on a group of patients with major depressive disorder, these patients were consistently negative in the past and did not care about the present and future, which also played an important role in reducing the happiness of these patients [15]. ... [38-40].

It is suggested that in the future studies the amount and type of interpersonal problems of the studied subjects be considered.

This study was conducted on veterans with PTSD disorder in Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan, therefore, so the results be generalized cautiously.

Time perspective therapy can be effective in increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.

We are thankful to the Head, manager and staff of the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan and the veterans who helped us in this study.

None declared.

Prior the research, coordination was carried out with the head of the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan.

This study is based on research without any financial support from an institution or organization.

TABLES and CHARTS

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