ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Joveini   H. (1)
Dehdari   T. (2)
Hashemian   M. (1)
Maheri   M. (3)
Shahrabadi   R. (1)
Rohban   A. (4)
Mehri   A. (1)
Eftekhar Ardebili   H. (*5)






(*5) Health Education & Promotion Department, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(1) Health Education & Promotion Department, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar , Iran
(2) Health Education & Promotion Department, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(3) Health Education & Promotion Department, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
(4) Rehabilitation Management Department, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Article History

Received:  January  21, 2020
Accepted:  March 18, 2020
ePublished:  June 20, 2020

BRIEF TEXT


Water pipe smoking has become very popular among young people.

… [1-11]. In many countries, accurate statistics on water pipe smoking are not available. However, few studies have shown that the prevalence of water pipe smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean region has increased as a concern, especially among students [12, 13]. The prevalence of water pipe smoking in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years in the Eastern Mediterranean region has been reported to be between 9 and 15% [14, 15]. The prevalence of water pipe smoking among college-age youth varies from 32% [16] to 62.6% [17, 18]. … [19-21]. In various studies using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), one of the influential and predictive factors of water pipe smoking withdrawal behavior among students is the intention to quit water pipe smoking [22, 31, 32]. … [33-34].

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an educational intervention based on the TPB and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) on male students’ intention to quit water pipe smoking.

This research was a semi-experimental study.

This study was conducted on 150 male students of the Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar-Iran, in 2017.

The samples were selected by simple random sampling method and divided into the control and intervention groups (75 cases per group).

The data collection tool included a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the motivation phase constructs of the HAPA and TPB. The intervention was performed in six 45-min training sessions for 6 weeks. The first session was held with the aim of changing students' attitudes towards water pipe smoking. The second session was held to change the attitude and positive impact of friends and roommates to quit water pipe smoking (abstract norms). The third session was held with the aim of increasing students' behavioral control to reduce water pipe smoking. In the fourth and fifth sessions, increasing the understanding of the dangers of water pipe smoking and its negative consequences, as well as the benefits of quitting water pipe smoking through lectures and questions and answers, were considered. At the end of the training session, the designed educational booklet was given to the subjects. In the sixth training session (group discussion in small groups), topics relevant to the obstacles to quitting water pipe smoking and strategies to overcome these obstacles were presented and a designed educational package related to this topic was provided to the students. Then, one month after the educational intervention, the questionnaires were completed again by both groups (post-test). Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired T-test, and independent T-test.

The mean age of the control and intervention groups was 22.6 ± 2.7 and 21.8 ± 2.5 years, respectively. The average age of water pipe smoking was 16.5 ± 2.4 years in the control group and 17.4 ± 3.6 years in the intervention group. The average number of water pipe smoking sessions (per month) was 9.3 ± 8.4 in the control group and 9.1±7.5 in the intervention group. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P <0.05; Table 1).There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups before the intervention in terms of the mean scores of the TPB and HAPA constructs regarding water pipe smoking (p <0.05), whereas these differences, except for the attitude were significant between the two groups before the intervention (p <0.05). Also, in the control group, there was no significant statistical difference in the mean scores of the studied constructs before and after the intervention (p <0.05). However, in the intervention group, after performing the educational intervention, a significant statistical difference was observed (p <0.05; Table 2).

Health education-based interventions have been shown effective in an increased understanding of the dangers of tobacco use [29], which is consistent with the findings of the present study. Considering a great relationship between tobacco abuse behavior in young people and lack of awareness about the complications of tobacco and not being afraid of it [35], raising awareness in young people who smoke can make them aware of its complications and try to treat this disorder. Also, the effectiveness of health education-based interventions in promoting people's self-efficacy to quit water pipe smoking and even drugs has been confirmed in other studies [39, 40]. Self-efficacy is defined as a person's belief and confidence in his ability to perform a behavior successfully, and is a very vital, influential, and emphasized construct in educational theories. Therefore, in designing educational programs, the special and practical role of this construct should be considered, especially in habitual behaviors, such as water pipe smoking behavior to strength students [39]. … [40-45].

The findings of this study will provide valid and useful information for university officials and health decision-makers to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among students playing a role in expanding the knowledge boundaries.

One of the limitations of this study was the intensive courses, which did not allow participants to attend training sessions.

The educational intervention based on TPB and HAPA is effective in creating the intention to quit water pipe smoking among students.

We would like to thank the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Education of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the officials of the Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch, the students who participated in the study, and all those who helped us in this research.

None to declare.

The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.REC.1395.2607).

The research was supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

TABLES and CHARTS

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