@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2015;2(2):38-46

Background
Due to the quick development and widespread use of mobile phones and its various effects on the interaction and communication, it is important to study its negative effects on the health of cellphone users [1, 2].
Previous Studies
…[3-15].Brown et al. demonstrated that decreasing the quality and quantity of sleep may have a negative impact on people’s cognitive functions, general health and sense of wellbeing [16]. …[17-26].
Aim(s)
The overall aim of the present study was to investigate cellphone overuse as a predictor of sleep quality as well as anxiety and depression among college students.
Research type
This study is descriptive–correlational.
Research society, place and time
The study was carried out on all the students of Kharazmi and Payam-e-Noor universities of Karaj during 2014-2015 educational years.
Sampling method and number
The sample consisted of 240 students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The sampling was based on selecting 3 colleges of per university which were selected randomly and among the students of these colleges, 40 cases who were studying BA/BS were given questionnaire randomly. The criteria for inclusion were studying at the two universities and consent to participate in the study.
Used devices&materials
The instruments were 3 questionnaires consisting of: Cell-Phone Over-Use Scale (COS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A):Cell-Phone Over-Use Scale (COS) questionnaire:this scale was made by Genaro et al. This scale has based designed based on ten indicators of psychological guide diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. The cellphone overuse questionnaire consists of 23 questions and it is without subscales which is set in a six-item Likert scale (1 = never, 2 = almost never, 3=sometimes , 4=often ,5= almost always,6= always) and earning higher scores indicate cellphone overuses by people. The questionnaire’s reliability based on internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) has been reported 0.87on Spanish male and female students 0.87[9]. Golmohammadian and YasamanNejad reported the internal consistency of the questionnaire 90% using Cronbach's alpha.Also, external consistency and scale stability has been reported satisfactory through test-retest and split-half reliability [27]. B):Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI):This questionnaire is one of the most important measures used in the field of sleep quality research. The questionnaire examines a person's sleep quality (in his/her idea) in the last 4 weeks. Pittsburgh sleep quality index considers Seven scores for measures of general description of the individual sleep quality,Delays in falling asleep, useful sleep duration,sleep disorders, amount of sleep pills consumption, daily function disorder and an overall score for quality of sleep. Themore the score is closer to 21, the more it is the sign of poor quality of sleep andnot having enough sleep.Score between zero and three has been considered for each of the scales of the questionnaire. The scores of 0,1,2,3on each scale in order,represent:natural state, mild, moderate and severeproblems [28].Effatpanahet al. have reported the internal consistency of items in Persian version81%using Cronbach's alpha[29]. C):hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS):Hospital anxiety and depression scale has been designed by Zigmond and Sanayt. This questionnaire is a sensitive concise index,to assess anxiety and depression in patients with physical and mental problems and even normal people, which includes 7 questions on depression and 7 questions on anxiety field.Each question is scored by a standard of four grades, so the maximum points for each depression subscales and anxiety is 21.The score higher than 11 in both areasmust have a serious mental disorder,8-10, mild mental disorder and score between 0-7 shows a natural advantage.Mortazavi et al. reported the internal consistency based on Cronbach's alpha for anxiety and depression subscales86% and 78% respectively in the Iranian samples [30]. Statistical analysis Data analysis was performed with the results of the descriptive statistics using(Pearson’scorrelation,Mean, standard deviation) and analytically (independent t test, and multiple regressions (stepwise)) methods with SPSS 21 software.In all tests, the level of significance was considered less than 0.05.
Findings by Text
Case studies range ages were between 18 and 42 years old with mean age of 22.89±3.51.In terms of marital status, 64.6 percent of participants in the study were single and all of them were studying at the undergraduate level.In Table 1 descriptive information and comparison of research variables among students has been expressed based on their gender and using independent t test.Measuring the difference between female and male mean scores in research variables showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in cell phone over use variables(P=0.006) and sleep quality variable(P=0.012) and the males got higher scores. Inaddition, due to the negative t-statistic in depression and anxiety variable, females received higher scores than males, although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.266). Based on the findings of table 2, the amount of Pearson correlation, the cell phone over use variable with sleep quality and anxiety and depression was obtained respectively 0.56 and 0.38 which was statistically significant. According to Table 3,cell phone over use variable caused a significant predictive model with the sleep quality and explained 31 percent of variance (P>0.001).Also, the information in this table shows thatby one unit increase in the standard deviation of cell phone over use, sleep quality variable increases 0.56 of standard deviation.Moreover, based on the results, the cell phone over use with anxiety and depression, has been created a predictive significant model and explained 14 percent of anxiety and depression variance (P>0.001).Also, the table information shows that with increasing one standard deviation in using mobile phones over use, anxiety and depression variables increases 0.38 of standard deviation.
Main comparison to the similar studies
…[31-33].The results showed that excessive use of technology and electronic devices after the start of the sleeping proses predict poor sleep quality and poor sleep quality predicts anxiety, stress and depression symptoms and causes mental disorders. This finding is consistent with previous studies.[34-37]…[38, 39].
Suggestions
Students should be aware that not only cell phone over use has negative effects on their health but it also can be a factor into academic failure and decreases their academic performance, and their self-efficacy will, also, be affected.
Limitations
Among the limitations of this study, is the research among only the students of the two universities and in generalizing the results to other people and students caution should be observed. Also, other limitation of this study included its cross-sectional and correlational design to show the relationship between the studied variables. Therefore, in order to clarify the relationship between the variables, longitudinal studies in this field is required.
Conclusions
The variable of cellphone overuse can predict and cause changes in sleep quality, anxiety and depression among students.
Acknowledgments
The researchers appreciate all officials and participating students in conducting this study.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
Approval for the study was obtained from the authority. Informed consent was obtained from the students for cooperation and participation in the study.
Funding Sources
Non-declared

TABLES and CHARTS

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