@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2014;1(3):28-37

Background
… [1-5]. Smoking status is considerable in Iran, as far as the starting age has been reported between 13 to 18 years old in Iran [6].
Previous Studies
… [7-12]. Similar studies results regarding venturesome behavior indicate the effectiveness of Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting smoking behavior and drug abuse among teenagers [7-14].
Aim(s)
Current study was aimed to study smoking among Hamadan teenagers with Theory of Planned Behavior utilization.
Research type
This research is descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study.
Research society, place and time
Research community in this study was teenage boys of Hamadan who were educating at Hamadan high schools in 2014.
Sampling method and number
After providing the schools list of district 1 & 2 of this city, research units were selected and studied through multiple-stage sampling.Sampling was done in the following way; in the first stage 7 boys’ high schools were selected from each of the education districts in Hamadan and a total of 14 high schools were selected (whole second grade of the boys’ high schools in Hamadan are 15 and 13 high schools in districts 1 & 2 respectively); then,one class was selected from each grade (the first, second and third grade) in each school and overall, 3 classes were selected and 20 questionnaires were distributed among students in each class.810 forms were collected from 840 distributed questionnaires (the response rate was 96%). This study’s criterion for entry was being male students who were educating on first to third grades of high school; and criterion for exit were lack of informed consent and unwillingness to participate in this study.
Used devices&materials
Questionnaires were contained two sections of demographic information and Theory of Planned Behavior constructs. Questionnaires of the studies conducted by Bashiryan[13], Karimi[14] and Barati[10] were used to design and construct the questionnaire regarding Theory of Planned Behavior variables. So that the construct of positive attitude toward smokingin relation to beliefs such as forgetting the problems, refreshment and blame elimination, and increasing confidence was designed included 6questions according to 5-option Likert scale of 1(extremely disagree) to 5 (extremely agree). A higher score indicated a more positive attitude towards smoking. The construct of subjective norms which encourage smoking was measured in relation to measuring the impression of best friend, other friends, family and teachers; overall, this section had 8 questions that higher score indicated high pressure from peers and more encouraging norms of smoking.Perceived behavioral control construct of smoking refusal was measured by 10 questions of 5-option scale from 1 (most probability) to 5(least probability). In this section, higher score indicated higher perceived behavioral control of smoking refusal. Behavioral intention construct was measured by 3 questions of 5-option scale from 1(extremely disagree) to 5 (extremely agree) that higher score indicated person’s higher intention of smoking. Finally, smoking behavior was examined by a 3-option question (never, sometimes and always). Content validity of the questionnaire was approved by viewpoints of 10 experts of health education and health promotion with calculation of Content Validity Ratio indicators (CVR)and Content Validity Indicator (CVI). In addition, questionnaire reliability was evaluated on a group of 30 students by calculation of inter-correlation coefficients. Cronbach’s Alpha amount of questions was gained 0.79 for attitude, 0.81 for subjective norms, 0.71for perceived behavioral control and 0.89 for behavioral intention. Statistical analysis: In the first part of analysis,data was entered SPSS version 18 software. In order to compare the mean of Theory of Planned Behavior constructs, independent t-test was used in binary demographic variables and one-way ANOVA was used in more than binary demographic variables; correlation between theory’s constructs were examined also by Pearson correlation coefficient. In the second part, data pathways done in Amos software version18 by using value indicators model such as Chi –square divided by Degrees of Freedom (DF/2χ), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI),Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI) and so on.In all tests, significance levelwas considered less than 0.05.
Findings by Text
Mean and standard deviation of the age of teenagers participated in the study was 16.42±0.89 respectively. Majority age of studied samples (72.5%) were 16 and 17 years old and most of them (45.1%) were in second grade of high school. 34.4% of students majored in science, 28.4% in mathematical physics and the rest in humanities and vocational fields. 42.3% of students’ fathers got diploma and 30.5% of them had elementary degree to read and write only. In addition, 40.1% of student’s mothers got diploma and 33.8% of them had elementary degree to read and write. It was reported that 50% of students had 4-member households and 27.2% of them had 5-member households. In this study, it was reported that 2.7% of students had been smoking permanently and 14.5% of them had been smoking occasionally or as a pleasure. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation matrix in Theory of Planned Behavior’s constructs is presented in Table 1. According to test results, positive attitude towards smoking had a positive and significant correlation with subjective norms encouraging smoking and behavioral intention (p<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between the construct of subjective norms and behavioral intention (p<0.001). Perceived behavioral control of smoking refusal had a significant and inverse correlation with attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral intention (p<0.001). The relationship between constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and intention and smoking behavior by using path analysis method is presented in Figure 1. In structural model of Theory of Planned Behavior, perceived behavioral control (ß=-0.40) was the strongest predictor of behavioral intention and then subjective norms (ß=0.13) and attitude (ß=0.11) subsequently. Also, the path of perceived behavioral control to behavior (ß=-0.59)was stronger than the path of intention-to-behavior (ß=0.11). Totally, 32% of the variance of behavioral intention and 50% of behavior variance were defined by constructs of this model. In the structural model of the current research, chi- square divided by the degrees of freedom (df/χ2) was equal to 3.58 that indicated the fit model by data. Low error rate in measurement (0.057)was approved according to RMSEA indicator, too. The values of other indicators of structural fit model which are presented in Table 2 ,also,represents structural fit model according to results of CFI, IFI, GFI, AGFI andTLI indicators .
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [15, 16] In this research, it was reported that 17.2% of participants had a smoking experience permanently or amusingly that is higher than presented amount of the study conducted by Ghavidel et al. [15] with 8.7% among the students of NazarAbad city, the study conducted by Bashirian et al. [7] with 11.1% among high school students of Hamadan city and the study conducted by Bidel and et al. [16] with 11.4% of smoking among high school students of Ilam city. On the other hand, it was similar to the study conducted by Mohammadkhani[17] that smoking rates among teenagers of 10 provinces had been reported 14.7%, the study conducted by Karimy et al. [14] that smoking rates among high school students of Zarandieh city had been reported 15.1%, and the study conducted byMohammadizeydi and Pakpour[18] that the smoking experience among students of Qazvin city had been reported 14.3%. ... [19-31].
Suggestions
Using those theories and dual-process behavioral patterns which in their psychological analysis, besides studying the processes of logical decision making, are concerned with the processes of logical decision with excitement and behavioral enthusiasm,seems to be necessary.
Limitations
One of the limitations of current study was that the study was conducted only on young teenager boys and only teenagers who were studying.
Conclusions
The role of behavioral intention in describing smoking behavior among teenage boys is weak.
Acknowledgments
The trustworthy guidance of Professor Paul Norman, Head of Department of Psychology of Sheffield University of England, and all the students participating in this projectare appreciated.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
The current study was approved by Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modarres University. The plan of the research, the confidentiality and non-use of information as well as the aim of the project were explained to all the participants, and they were justified in this regard. Participants were entered the study bytendency and written consent.
Funding Sources
The current article has been derived from doctoral thesis of health education and health promotion in Tarbiat Modarres University. This study has been funded by the Research Department of the university.

TABLES and CHARTS

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