@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(1):1-8
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020;26(1):1-8
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Women Victims of Domestic Violence Referred to Social Emergency: Emphasis on the Role of Childhood Traumas
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Babaei Nadiluei K. (1)Osuli B. (2)
Ebadi Z. (1)
Sattari Sefidan Jadid K. (2)
(1) Center of Social Emergency (123), Department of Welfare, Tabriz , Iran
(2) Department of Welfare, Tabriz , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Welfare, Emam Street, Tabriz, Iran. Postal code: 5371193165Phone: +98 (41) 34567107
Fax: +98 (41) 34567107
k.babaei66@gmail.com
Article History
Received: June 4, 2020Accepted: June 27, 2020
ePublished: July 22, 2020
BRIEF TEXT
Facing childhood trauma can have significant psychological and neurological effects on the individual and can lead to many psychological disorders.
… [1-18]. Child abuse is a widespread international problem and its consequences are varied [19]. Child abuse is a general term used to describe all forms of child abuse, neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, negligence, emotional abuse, and most recently domestic violence [20]. Child abuse of children of all races, colors, social classes, and religions is significant and affects all ages (before birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth, and adulthood) [21]. … [22-30].
The aim of this study was to investigate the suicidal thoughts and behaviors among women victims of spousal abuse with an emphasis on the role of childhood trauma.
This research was a descriptive-correlational study.
In this study, 100 female victims of spousal abuse referred to social emergency in Azarshahr in 2020 were selected by purposive sampling method.
The statistical population was selected by purposive sampling.
Childhood trauma questionnaires (CTQ), Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) were used as research tools. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression.
A total of 100 women who were abused by their husbands (spousal abuse) were studied, of whom 46 women were under 25 years, 40 cases were between 25 and 40 years, and 14 cases were over 40 years. In terms of education, 21 cases had primary education, 42 cases had middle school education, 22 had high school education, 11 had a diploma, and 4 cases had a master's degree. Participants' scores indicated that women with spousal abuse were exposed to suicidal behaviors and the mean score of suicidal behaviors (10.63) according to the cut-off point of 7 for normal people, showed a high probability of suicide (Table 1).Childhood trauma had a positive and significant correlation with suicidal behaviors and suicidal tendencies, and sexual and emotional abuse had a more significant correlation with suicidal behaviors. Physical neglect had no significant correlation with suicidal behaviors and psychological disturbance profile (Table 2).Overall, the predictor variables of physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse explained 38% of the variance of the criterion variable of suicidal behaviors, which indicates that other variables contributed to the prediction of suicidal behaviors that were not included in the present study. As a result, it can be concluded that there was a multiple relationship between the variables of physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse, and suicidal behaviors, and also sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, and emotional neglect were more effective in predicting suicidal behaviors, respectively (Table 3).
… [31-40]. Ebrahimi et al. [41] showed that the impact of various types of childhood abuse can last for a long time and all types of abuse, especially emotional abuse, were most associated with suicide attempt in adulthood. In the present study, the results showed that emotional abuse was more strongly associated with suicidal behaviors than other variables. The findings of Abreu et al. [37] and Tisman et al. [38] showed that anxiety and anxiety disorders are the significant risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Research by Morrell et al. [44], Herkens & Wiedles [45] and Walker [46] has shown that as violent witnessing and being a victim of violence, violent mental disorders increase. … [47-50].
It is suggested to control the child-spouse factor and the large differences between couples, which seems to have a significant impact accordingly.
The present study had limitations in generalizing the results due to the difficulty in accessing the participants.
Women who have experienced trauma in childhood are more likely to choose suicide behaviors when facing life problems, especially domestic violence, and are prone to depression, anxiety and stress.
We thank all the participants in this study, as well as the Department of Welfare of Azarshahr, who have fully cooperated.
None to declare.
In this study, all ethical issues, including the confidentiality of information and personal details, were observed and the consent of the participants was obtained.
This research was funded by the Welfare Organization of the East Azerbaijan Province.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[12]Estefan LF, Coulter ML, VandeWeerd C. Depression in women who have left violent relationships: The unique impact of frequent emotional abuse. Violence Against Women. 2016;12(11):1397-413.
[13]Verona E, Petrick CJ, Joiner TE. Psychopathy antisocial personality and suicide risk. J Abnorm Psych. 2001;110(3):462-70.
[14]Leenaars AA, Shneidman ES. Suicide. Suicidol Online. 2010;1(1):5-18.
[15]Fortinash KM, Holoday Worret PA. Psychiatric nursing care plans. 4th Edition. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2008. p. 502.
[16]Memari A, Ramim T, Amirmoradi F, Khosravi K, Goudarzi Z. The causes of suicide attempts among married women. Hayat. 2006;12(1):47-53. [Persian]
[17]Devries K, Watts CH, Yoshihama M Kiss L, Blima Schraiber L, Deyessa N, et al. Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: Evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(1):79-86.
[18]Khosravi Z, Khaghanifard M. Spouse annoying sadism with tendency to suicide and feeling of hurting spouse in women of Tehran. J Womens Stud Soc Psychol. 2004;2(6):99-113. [Persian]
[19]Li N, Ahmed S, Zabin L. Association between childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychological outcomes among youth in Taipei. J Adoles Health. 2012;50(3 Suppl):S45-51.
[20]Bücker J, Kapczinski F, Post R, Ceresér K, Szobot C, Yatham LN, et al. Cognitive impairment in school-aged children with early trauma. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(6):758-64.
[21]Branco BC, Inaba K, Galinos B, Peep T, Jean-Stephane D, Plurad D, et al. Sex-related differences in childhood and adolescent self-inflicted injuries: a national trauma databank review. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(4):796-800.
[22]Wingenfeld K, Schaffrath C, Rullkoetter N, Mensebach C, Schlosser N, Beblo T, et al. Associations of childhood trauma, trauma in adulthood and previous-year stress with psychopathology in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(8):647-54.
[23]Afifi TO, Boman J, Fleisher W, Sareen J. The relationship between child abuse, parental divorce, and lifetime mental disorders and suicidality in a nationally representative adult sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(3):139-47.
[24]Mandelli L, Carli V, Roy A, Serretti A, Sarchiapon M. The influence of childhood trauma on the onset and repetition of suicidal behavior: An investigation in a high risk sample of male prisoners. J Psychiatric Res. 2011;45(6):742-7.
[25]Powers AD, Thomas KM, Ressler KJ, Bradley B. The differential effects of child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder on schizotypal personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):438-45.
[26]Oviedo-Joekes E, Marchand K, Guh D, Marsh D, Brissette S, Krausz M, et al. History of reported sexual or physical abuse among long-term heroin users and their response to substitution treatment. Addict Behav. 2011;36(1-2):55-60.
[27]Milner JS, Thomsen CJ, Crouch JL, Rabenhors MM, Martens P, Dyslin CW, et al. Do traum symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adult child abuse risk? Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(5):332-44.
[28]Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Stanley B, Tin A, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, et al. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: Factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):584-96.
[29]Roy A. Combination of family history of suicidal behavior and childhood trauma may represent correlate of increased suicide risk. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1-2):205-8.
[30]Swogger MT, You S, Cashman-Brown S, Conner K. Childhood physical abuse, aggression, and suicide attempts among criminal offenders. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(3):363-7.
[31]Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the Beck scale for suicide ideation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1991.
[32]Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrios FX. The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical sample. Assessment. 2001;8(4):443-54.
[33]Rashid S, Kiani AR, Khorramdel K, Gholami F, Senobar L. The Relationship between Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide Constructs (Loneliness, Perceived Social Support, Thwarted Belongingness and Burdensomeness) and Suicidal Behavior among Iranian Students. Health Educ Health Promot. 2016;4(2):35-48.
[34]Bernsteina DP, Stein JA, Newcombc MD, Walker E, Poggee D, Ahluvaliae T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169-90.
[35]Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-43.
[36]Afzali A, DelavarA, Borjali A, Mirzamani SM. Psychometric properties of DASS-42 as assessed in a sample of Kermanshah high school students. J Res Behav Sci. 2008;5(2):81-9. [Persian]
[37]Abreu LN, Oquendo MA, Galfavy H, Burke A, Grunebaum MF, Sher L, et al. Are comorbid anxiety disorders a risk factor for suicide attempts in patients with mood disorders? A two-year prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2018;47:19-24.
[38]Teismann T, Forkmann T, Rath D, Glaesmer H, Margraf J. Perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in adult outpatients receiving exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2016;85:1-5.
[39]Gratz KL, Latzman RD, Tull MT, Reynolds EK, Lejuez CW. Exploring the association between emotional abuse and childhood borderline personality features: The moderating role of personality traits. Behav Ther. 2011;42(3):493-508.
[40]Follette V, Palm KM, Pearson AN. Mindfulness and trauma: implications for treatment. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;24(1):45-61.
[41]Ebrahimi H, Dejkam M, Seghatoleslam T. Childhood traumas and suicide attempt in adulthood. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2014;19(4):275-82. [Persian]
[42]Deisenhammer EA, Schmid SK, Kemmler G, Moser B, Delazer M. Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in depressed suicide attempters, depressed non-attempters and healthy controls. 2018;226:261-6.
[43]Dong M, Wang SB, Li Y, Xu DD, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, et al. Prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder in China: A comprehensive meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:32-9.
[44]Murrell AR, Christoff KA, Henning KR. Charactristics of domestic violence offenders: association with childhood Exposure to violence. J Fam Violence. 2007;22:523-32.
[45]Harkness KL, Wildes JE. Childhood adversity and anxiety versus dysthymia co-morbity in major depression. Psychol Med. 2002;32(7):1239-49.
[46]Walker LE. Psychology and domestic violence around the world. J Am Psychol. 2012;54(1):21-9.
[47]Melle I, Johannessen JO, Friis S, Haahr U, Joa I, Larsen TK, et al. Course and predictors of suicidality overthe first two years of treatment in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14(2):158-70.
[48]Hsu KJ, Beard C, Rifkin L, Dillon DG, Pizzagalli DA, Bjorgvinsson T. Transdiagnostic mechanisms in depression and anxiety: The role of rumination and attentional control. J Affect Disord. 2015;188:22-7.
[49]Aftab R, Karbalaei A, Taghiloo S. Gender differences in the structural model of borderline personality, emotional regulation strategies and domestic violence. J Thoughts Behav Clin Psychol. 2015;9(34):7-16. [Persian]
[50]Selby EA, Anestis MD, Joiner TE. Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: emotional cascades. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(5):593-611.
[2]Sotoodeh Navroi O, Zeinali SH, Khasteganan N. Relationship between spouse abuse, social support and perceived stress in women with addicted and non-addicted husbands in Rasht city. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2012;22(2):25-32. [Persian]
[3]Dolatian M, Hesami K, Zahiroddin A, Velaei N, Alavi Majd H. Evaluation of prevalence of domestic violence and its role on mental health. Pajoohandeh. 2012;16(6):277-83. [Persian]
[4]Bradley R, Schwartz AC, Kaslow NJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among low-income, African American women with a history of intimate partner violence and suicidal behaviors: self-esteem, social support, and religious coping. J Tauma Sress. 2005;18(6): 685-96.
[5]Shayan A, Kaviani M, Haghpanah S, Gholamzadeh S, Zarenezhad M, Masoumi Z. Evaluation of sexual dysfunctions and its related factors in women experiencing domestic violence had been referred to forensic medicine center of Shiraz. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care. 2015;23(2):32-41. [Persian]
[6]Allen CT, Swan SC, Raghavan C. Gender symmetry, sexism, and intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24(11):1816-34.
[7]Gilroy H. Poverty, partner abuse, and women's mental health: new knowledge for better practice. J Soc Serv Res. 2014;41(2):145-57.
[8]Fritz PT, O’Leary KD. Physical and psychological partner aggression across a decade: a growth curve analysis. Violence Vict. 2004;19(1):3-16.
[9]Becker CB, Zayfert C. Integrating DBT-based techniques and concepts to facilitate exposure treatment for PTSD. Cogn Behav Pract. 2001;8(2):107-22.
[10]Tsai AC, Tomlinson M, Comulada WS, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Intimate partner violence and depression symptom severity among South African women during pregnancy and postpartum: Population- based prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(1):e1001943.
[11]Golding JM. Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. J Fam Violence. 1999;14(2):99-132.
[12]Estefan LF, Coulter ML, VandeWeerd C. Depression in women who have left violent relationships: The unique impact of frequent emotional abuse. Violence Against Women. 2016;12(11):1397-413.
[13]Verona E, Petrick CJ, Joiner TE. Psychopathy antisocial personality and suicide risk. J Abnorm Psych. 2001;110(3):462-70.
[14]Leenaars AA, Shneidman ES. Suicide. Suicidol Online. 2010;1(1):5-18.
[15]Fortinash KM, Holoday Worret PA. Psychiatric nursing care plans. 4th Edition. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2008. p. 502.
[16]Memari A, Ramim T, Amirmoradi F, Khosravi K, Goudarzi Z. The causes of suicide attempts among married women. Hayat. 2006;12(1):47-53. [Persian]
[17]Devries K, Watts CH, Yoshihama M Kiss L, Blima Schraiber L, Deyessa N, et al. Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: Evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(1):79-86.
[18]Khosravi Z, Khaghanifard M. Spouse annoying sadism with tendency to suicide and feeling of hurting spouse in women of Tehran. J Womens Stud Soc Psychol. 2004;2(6):99-113. [Persian]
[19]Li N, Ahmed S, Zabin L. Association between childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychological outcomes among youth in Taipei. J Adoles Health. 2012;50(3 Suppl):S45-51.
[20]Bücker J, Kapczinski F, Post R, Ceresér K, Szobot C, Yatham LN, et al. Cognitive impairment in school-aged children with early trauma. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(6):758-64.
[21]Branco BC, Inaba K, Galinos B, Peep T, Jean-Stephane D, Plurad D, et al. Sex-related differences in childhood and adolescent self-inflicted injuries: a national trauma databank review. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(4):796-800.
[22]Wingenfeld K, Schaffrath C, Rullkoetter N, Mensebach C, Schlosser N, Beblo T, et al. Associations of childhood trauma, trauma in adulthood and previous-year stress with psychopathology in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(8):647-54.
[23]Afifi TO, Boman J, Fleisher W, Sareen J. The relationship between child abuse, parental divorce, and lifetime mental disorders and suicidality in a nationally representative adult sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(3):139-47.
[24]Mandelli L, Carli V, Roy A, Serretti A, Sarchiapon M. The influence of childhood trauma on the onset and repetition of suicidal behavior: An investigation in a high risk sample of male prisoners. J Psychiatric Res. 2011;45(6):742-7.
[25]Powers AD, Thomas KM, Ressler KJ, Bradley B. The differential effects of child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder on schizotypal personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):438-45.
[26]Oviedo-Joekes E, Marchand K, Guh D, Marsh D, Brissette S, Krausz M, et al. History of reported sexual or physical abuse among long-term heroin users and their response to substitution treatment. Addict Behav. 2011;36(1-2):55-60.
[27]Milner JS, Thomsen CJ, Crouch JL, Rabenhors MM, Martens P, Dyslin CW, et al. Do traum symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adult child abuse risk? Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(5):332-44.
[28]Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Stanley B, Tin A, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, et al. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: Factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):584-96.
[29]Roy A. Combination of family history of suicidal behavior and childhood trauma may represent correlate of increased suicide risk. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1-2):205-8.
[30]Swogger MT, You S, Cashman-Brown S, Conner K. Childhood physical abuse, aggression, and suicide attempts among criminal offenders. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(3):363-7.
[31]Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the Beck scale for suicide ideation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1991.
[32]Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrios FX. The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical sample. Assessment. 2001;8(4):443-54.
[33]Rashid S, Kiani AR, Khorramdel K, Gholami F, Senobar L. The Relationship between Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide Constructs (Loneliness, Perceived Social Support, Thwarted Belongingness and Burdensomeness) and Suicidal Behavior among Iranian Students. Health Educ Health Promot. 2016;4(2):35-48.
[34]Bernsteina DP, Stein JA, Newcombc MD, Walker E, Poggee D, Ahluvaliae T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169-90.
[35]Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-43.
[36]Afzali A, DelavarA, Borjali A, Mirzamani SM. Psychometric properties of DASS-42 as assessed in a sample of Kermanshah high school students. J Res Behav Sci. 2008;5(2):81-9. [Persian]
[37]Abreu LN, Oquendo MA, Galfavy H, Burke A, Grunebaum MF, Sher L, et al. Are comorbid anxiety disorders a risk factor for suicide attempts in patients with mood disorders? A two-year prospective study. Eur Psychiatry. 2018;47:19-24.
[38]Teismann T, Forkmann T, Rath D, Glaesmer H, Margraf J. Perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in adult outpatients receiving exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2016;85:1-5.
[39]Gratz KL, Latzman RD, Tull MT, Reynolds EK, Lejuez CW. Exploring the association between emotional abuse and childhood borderline personality features: The moderating role of personality traits. Behav Ther. 2011;42(3):493-508.
[40]Follette V, Palm KM, Pearson AN. Mindfulness and trauma: implications for treatment. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;24(1):45-61.
[41]Ebrahimi H, Dejkam M, Seghatoleslam T. Childhood traumas and suicide attempt in adulthood. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2014;19(4):275-82. [Persian]
[42]Deisenhammer EA, Schmid SK, Kemmler G, Moser B, Delazer M. Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in depressed suicide attempters, depressed non-attempters and healthy controls. 2018;226:261-6.
[43]Dong M, Wang SB, Li Y, Xu DD, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, et al. Prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder in China: A comprehensive meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:32-9.
[44]Murrell AR, Christoff KA, Henning KR. Charactristics of domestic violence offenders: association with childhood Exposure to violence. J Fam Violence. 2007;22:523-32.
[45]Harkness KL, Wildes JE. Childhood adversity and anxiety versus dysthymia co-morbity in major depression. Psychol Med. 2002;32(7):1239-49.
[46]Walker LE. Psychology and domestic violence around the world. J Am Psychol. 2012;54(1):21-9.
[47]Melle I, Johannessen JO, Friis S, Haahr U, Joa I, Larsen TK, et al. Course and predictors of suicidality overthe first two years of treatment in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14(2):158-70.
[48]Hsu KJ, Beard C, Rifkin L, Dillon DG, Pizzagalli DA, Bjorgvinsson T. Transdiagnostic mechanisms in depression and anxiety: The role of rumination and attentional control. J Affect Disord. 2015;188:22-7.
[49]Aftab R, Karbalaei A, Taghiloo S. Gender differences in the structural model of borderline personality, emotional regulation strategies and domestic violence. J Thoughts Behav Clin Psychol. 2015;9(34):7-16. [Persian]
[50]Selby EA, Anestis MD, Joiner TE. Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: emotional cascades. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(5):593-611.