ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Taheri Chadorneshin   H. (* )
Afzalpour   M.E. (1 )
Abtahi   H. (2 )
Foadoddini   M. (3 )






(* ) Exercise Physiology Department, Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
(1 ) Exercise Physiology Department, Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
(2 ) Clinical Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(3 ) Atherosclerosis & Coronary Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Exercise Physiology Department, Education and Sport Sciences Faculty, Birjand University, Shahid Avini Street, Birjand, Iran
Phone: +985632202032
Fax: +985632202032
kh.taheri_62@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  October  26, 2014
Accepted:  January 20, 2015
ePublished:  February 19, 2015

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-4] Through increases in the hippocampus BDNF levels, 8-week swim exercises result in a better memory activity in the Wistar rats. Nevertheless, inactivity leads to hippocampus BDNF levels decrease [5]. Daily and one-day treadmill result in higher hippocampus BDNF protein levels in 7- to 8-week rats [4], while inhibiting BDNF reduction due to aging in 20- and 26-month rats [6]. … [7-9]

There are different mechanisms based on brain BDNF and GDNF increase following low to moderate severe sport exercises [1, 10]. However, the effects of severe sport exercises and probable mechanisms on neurotrophins are not well determined. … [11, 12]

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of hydrogen peroxide and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor following sport exercises.

This is an experimental study.

3-month adult male Wistar albino rats weighing approximately 280g (Breeding and Rearing Laboratory of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Iran) were studied.

16 rats were studied.

The animals were kept at 22±2°C room with 12-hour light-darkness cycle. Light start was 7 a.m. The rats were divided into two groups including severe sport exercises and inactive control groups. Sport protocol was done on a treadmill. 6-week sport exercises were done with 6 sessions per week. Each session included 3min warming up with 16m per min speed and 27m per min continuous running, and finally, 3min cooling down. The rats of control group were inactive. 48 hours after the last session, the animal were anesthetized and killed, and their brains were removed. GDNF (Cusabio Biotech; China/USA), BDNF (Cusabio Technology; China/USA), and TNF-α (Diaclone; Frace) protein levels were measured, using Eliza kits. Brain hydrogen-peroxide was assessed by a hydrogen-peroxide calorimeter kit (Biocore Diagnostik; Germany). GDNF, BDNF, and TNF-α attraction and hydrogen-peroxide attraction were read by Eliza Reader Anthos 2020 (Biochrome; England) at 450nm and 546nm, respectively. Data was reported based on the tissue weight. Data was analyzed, using SPSS 16 software. At first, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine natural distribution of data. Then, Independent T test was used to compare weights and to investigate the differences between correlated variables in both groups.

There was no significant difference between weights of the animals in the groups at the end of the exercise period. There was a significant increase in brain hydrogen-peroxide levels in severe sport exercises (0.81±0.16μm/mg) than control group (0.59±0.10μm/mg). There was a significant increase in brain TNF-α, as a pre-inflammation index, in severe sport exercises group (2.82±0.36pg/mg) than control group (1.53±0.24pg/mg). There was a significant increase in brain BDNF in severe sport exercises group (24.02±4.27pg/mg) than control group (13.58±1.46pg/mg). GDNF level was significantly higher in severe sport exercises group (17.10±3.30pg/mg) than control group (9.87±1.27pg/mg).

Running on the treadmill with 80% of maximum consumed oxygen resulted in an increase in brain hydrogen-peroxide. The present result is consistent with some studies [13, 14], while it is inconsistent with some others [15]. … [16, 17] Brain TNF-α increased due to 6-week severe sport exercises (running on the treadmill). The result is consistent with other studies. Sport exercises with low to moderate intensity of 60-65% of consumed oxygen do not affect hypothalamus TNF-α of the rats [18]. … [19, 20] Severe sport exercises increased BDNF and GDNF. Long term sport exercises with moderate intensity increase GDNF in the striatum [1], which is consistent with the present results. Short term sport exercises with moderate intensity do not affect GDNF protein levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex [1], which is inconsistent with the present results. The present results about BDNF are inconsistent with the results of another study [21]. Due to Morris Maze Test and Radial Arm Maze Test after sport exercises course, BDNF expressions in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the rats in control and exercise groups are equal [22, 23]. The results are inconsistent with the present results. An increase in BDNF in brain structures due to sport exercises is resulted from an increase in IGF-1 [7], an increase in 17 beta-Estradiol [24], leptin level decrease [1], and coticosteron levels reduction [25], which are consistent with the present results. In line with 38 and 84% increase in hydrogen-peroxide and TNF-α levels, severe sport exercises increased brain GDNF and BDNF contents up to 73 and 77%, respectively. … [26]

Studies through blocking the antibodies and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplements should be done for better determining the effects of hydrogen-peroxide and TNF-α on the neurotrophin adaptation due to sport exercises.

No direct assessment of pre-inflammatory and oxidative stress factors on the neurotrophins was of the limitations for the study.

Through increases in hydrogen-peroxide and TNF-α levels, severe exercises (running on a treadmill) increase BDNF and GDNF contents in the brain tissue of the Wistar albino rats.

The staff of Animal Laboratory and Biochemical Laboratory of Gonabaad University of Medical Sciences is appreciated.

Non-declared

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