ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Moradi ‎   A. (*)
Gholami ‎   F. (1)






(*) Sarem Women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran
(1) ‎Sport Physialogy Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty‎, Shahrud University of Technology, Shahrud, Iran

Correspondence

Article History

Received:  April  15, 2017
Accepted:  October 12, 2017
ePublished:  November 15, 2018

BRIEF TEXT


Physical performance structure, endurance capacity and fatigue resistance depend on many factors. ‎One of the most important factors is the ability to carry blood to the muscles involved in the activity. ‎The capacity of blood transfusion is determined by hematological factors, particularly hemoglobin ‎concentration and the number of circulating erythrocytes that affect blood fluidity and the transport of ‎oxygen to the muscles involved in the activity [1].‎ ‎

‎... [2-9]. Previous studies have reported hematological changes, in particular increased levels of ‎hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count with age [10-12].‎ The increase in body temperature, acidosis, increased catecholamine, dehydration, blood ‎condensation, and hardness of red blood cells in the contraction muscle capillaries are mechanisms ‎that increase hemolytic activity during acute and regular exercise sessions [13-15]. ... [16]. Many ‎researchers believe that the acute exercise increases blood levels and increases vascular resistance and ‎reduces oxygenation with a decreasing effect on plasma volume, and with an increased effect on all ‎hematological factors [17-22]. However, in the recovery period after exercise, due to the reversal of ‎large quantities of interstitial water to the intravascular space, resulting in a reduction in all ‎hematological factors and blood concentrations, the amount of oxygenation in the tissues increases.

Despite the importance of physiological changes associated with age and the effect of physical activity ‎on hematological parameters, few studies have investigated the effect of age on hematological changes ‎during physical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of age and exercise ‎induced stress on blood cell count and RBC indices.‎ ‎

This is an interventional study.‎

This study was carried out in the Department of Aquaqymnastic in Sarem Specialized Hospital.

‎87 healthy male subjects participated voluntarily in the study. Subjects were studied in three young age ‎groups (20-30 years), middle aged (40-50) and elderly (60-70 years old) who were 30, 30 and 27 ‎respectively. Subjects did not have a history of disease and did not consume a certain drug and had a ‎history of sports activities as recreational. All subjects avoid exercise and consumption of any ‎medications and food supplements, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ‎acetaminophen and ibuprofen 48 hours prior to the study.‎

Research protocol: Subjects were invited to two separate sessions in the department of aquagymastik ‎at Sarem Hospital. At the first session, after completing the medical information questionnaire, they ‎signed the consent of the company in the study after complete study and then the anthropometric ‎characteristics and the maximum aerobic power (VO2max) of the subjects were determined using the ‎gas analyzer (Metalyzer-3B; Cortex, Germany). At the second session, the subjects, after changing their ‎clothes, sat for 30 minutes of rest, after which a blood sample was taken from them. After blood ‎sampling, the subjects first had 5 minutes of general warm-up and then had one endurance exercise ‎session including 30 cycles running on a bicycle with an intensity of 60-65% of the aerobic power (60 ‎‎± 5 rpm) equal to 70-75% HRmax. After that, they had 30 minutes of passive inactivity. Hemodynamic ‎factors were measured immediately after the activity and after 30 minutes of recovery, the two other ‎blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein in fasting state. Laboratory methods: At each blood sampling, 2 ml of blood was injected into a tube containing ‎Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) to measure hematological factors. The cell counters (Kx21, ‎Sysmex, Japan) were used to measure hematological factors including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red ‎blood cell count, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular ‎hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white cells count and platelets counts. The temperature and ‎relative humidity were 23 ± 2% and 34 ± 2 ° C respectively. The percentage of plasma volume changes ‎during exercise was calculated using hemoglobin and hematocrit based on the Dill and Castil equation ‎‎[21].‎ ‎ Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to ‎determine the normal distribution of data. To determine the effect of age on changes in hematological ‎parameters during activity and recovery, the data were firstly differentiated and then one-way ANOVA ‎was used. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to investigate the effect ‎of exercise activity and recovery period regardless of age. When analysis of variance showed a ‎significant difference, Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference.‎

Compared with resting levels, all measured hematological factors except MCV showed a significant ‎increase in response to endurance activity regardless of age (p <0.05). In recovery, all factors except ‎for MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased significantly after endurance activity (p <0.05; Table 1).‎The percentage of plasma volume changes after acute endurance activity and after recovery in the ‎young group was -15.1 ± 0.1 and 17.5 ± 1.4 respectively. In the middle age group, it was -14.6 ± 1.2 and ‎‎17.5± 2.0 respectively and in the elderly group it was -14.5 ± 1.5 and 15.0 ± 5.5, respectively. Plasma ‎volume decreased after acute endurance activity and increased significantly in recovery period. The ‎percentage of plasma volume changes was not influenced by age in the 30 minutes of endurance ‎activity (F2, 84=1.49; p = 0.23), but during the recovery period, it was influenced by the age (F2, 84=4.83; ‎p=0.01). The percentage of plasma volume changes in the elderly group during the recovery period was ‎significantly different with the other two age groups. In the elderly group, the increase in plasma ‎volume during the recovery period was lower than the young (p = 0.01) and middle age group (p = ‎‎0.03), while there was no significant difference between the two young and middle aged groups (p> ‎‎0.05; Figure 1).‎ period in elderly group with middle aged and young aged groups In the young group, before and after acute endurance activity, hemoglobin concentration was 15.7 ± 0.9 ‎and 16.6 ± 1.0 mg / dl, the hematocrit percentage was 46.0 ± 2.7 and 48.5 ± 3. 0, and the red blood cells ‎counts were 5.3± 0.3 and 5.6 ± 0.4 (1012 per liter). In the middle ages group before and after acute ‎endurance activity, the hemoglobin concentration was 15.5 ± 1.1 and 16.7 ± 0.8 mg / dl. The mean ‎hematocrit was 45.4 ± 2.7 and 48.5 ± 3.1%. The red blood cell count was 5.2 ± 0.3 and 5.6 ± 0.4 (1012 ‎per liter). In the elderly group, the hemoglobin concentration was 15.0 ± 1.1 and 16.2 ± 1.2 mg / dl. The ‎hematocrit percentage was 44.0 ± 4.0 and 46.7 ± 2.3, and the red blood cell count was 5.0± 0.4 and 5.3 ‎‎± 0.4 (x1012 per liter) before and after acute endurance activity. The level of Hemoglobin, percentage of ‎hematocrit, and red blood cell count in response to endurance activity showed a significant increase of ‎‎0.7, 0.6 and 5.7% respectively (Fig. 2), while hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red blood cell ‎count during recovery In young group was 15.7 ± 0.8% mg/dl, 46.0 ± 2.7% and 5.3± 0.3 (x1012per liter) ‎respectively, and in the elderly group, also, it was 15.3±1.2 mg/dl, 44.5±2.7% and 5.0±0.4(x1012per ‎liter) respectively. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the recovery period was reduced ‎significantly as 5.5 and 5.2% respectively (Figure 2).‎

In the present study, plasma volume reduction was temporary and returned to pre-activity level after ‎recovery. However, there was no significant difference in plasma volume decrease immediately after ‎acute exercise in different age groups. While in the recovery period, plasma volume in the elderly ‎group was lower than the other two age groups. Considering the decrease in the elasticity of the ‎vascular wall in the elderly, these cells probably have less ability to return the interstitial fluid to the ‎vessels, and, on the other hand, the presence of intra-artery sediments with age increase as an effective ‎factor in returning the plasma volume to the [5, 9, 22, 23].‎ However, a study that examines the hematological parameters in response to exercise in different age ‎groups has not been done so far, and the present study was the first study in this field. In this study, ‎regardless of age, the number of red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin increased in response to ‎exercise. These findings were consistent with the results of the studies by Cywinska et al. [17] ‎Ahmadizad and El-Sayed [18], Ahmadizad et al. [19], Negeswari et al. [24] and Brun et al. [25], while it ‎was in contrary with the results of study done by Gurcan et al. [26]. Increases in platelet count regardless of age, immediately after exercise, are below the maximum. This ‎finding is consistent with the results of studies by Ahmadizad and El-Sayed [2] as well as Ahmadizad ‎et al. [3].‎ An increase in white blood cell count was observed regardless of age immediately after exercise in the ‎present study. Many researchers have observed an increase in the count of white blood cells during or ‎after exercise [4, 16]. ... [17-30]. ‎





There is no difference between hematological variables in response to acute endurance activity in ‎different age groups. In addition, acute endurance activity, regardless of age, decreases plasma volume, ‎increases hematological factors. In the recovery period, however, with increasing plasma volume, all ‎factors return to their resting state. Therefore, blood cell responses and red blood cell indices are not ‎related to moderate intensity of exercise and subsequent recovery in men and are not related to age.‎

In the end, the dear colleagues and all the dear subjects who participated in this research are ‎appreciated. ‎







TABLES and CHARTS

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