ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Rabiani   S. (*1)
Mojtabaii   M. (1)






(*1) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Unit 3, No. 11, West 5 Alley, Norouzi Street, East Farsad Boulevard, Shahr-e Ziba Avenue, West Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
Phone: +98 (21) 44110151
Fax:
sadaf93.rabiani@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  March  6, 2018
Accepted:  March 11, 2019
ePublished:  July 6, 2019

BRIEF TEXT


Infertility is Non-fertilization of a couple after a year of regular sexual contact without using contraceptive methods.

… [1-10]. Rumination is one of the problems that affect women. Rumination is defined as resilient and recurring thoughts about a common issue. These thoughts involuntarily enter consciousness and distract the attention from the current issues and goals [11]. Several studies suggested a close relationship between rumination and different types of emotional disorders [12]. The main purpose of reality therapy is to help clinicians connect or reconnect with the people they have chosen to lead their qualitative world. The treatment objective, besides satisfying the need for affection and attachment, is to help patients learn better ways to satisfy all their needs. Today's reality therapy focuses on the unpleasant or missing relationship, which is often the patients’ problem.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy instruction of social adjustment and rumination rate in infertile women.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with pre-test post-test with control group.

The statistical population of this study included all infertile women referred to the Sarem Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran during 2017-2018.

Using purposive sampling method along with screening, 60 volunteers were assessed using social adjustment and rumination questionnaires (pre-test) and 30 infertile women were selected and divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects for each group).

The experimental group received 8-min group-based reality therapy sessions for two months and the control group did not receive any training. Questionnaires were then provided again for both groups. Research tools included: - Bell Adjustment Inventory: This questionnaire has 160 items. This form assesses five levels of individual and social adjustment separately. In this study, only social adjustment subscale with 32 questions and questions are answered by yes-no options (the low score in the Bell Questionnaire represents better adjustment). Validity of each subscale is as follows: home adjustment (0.91), emotional adjustment (0.91), health adjustment (0.81), occupational adjustment (0.85), social adjustment (0.88) and total score (0.94) [14]. - Ruminative response scale (RRS): Noulen-Huxma and Morrow developed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed four different types of negative mood responses. The Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) consisted of two scales, including RRS and Distraction Responses Scale (DRS). The RRS includes 22 items, which are answered on a scale from 1 (never) to 4 (often). [17] Based on experimental studies, RRS has high internal reliability. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient is in the range of 0.88 to 0.92. Various studies show that the test-retest correlation for RRS is 0.67 [18]. The research was conducted by referring to the Sarem Infertility Treatment Center and necessary explanations about the reality therapy training package and its benefits in the mental health of infertile women were provided. The list of all infertile women referred to this center was obtained and after necessary coordination and agreement with infertile women and emphasizing the confidentiality of data and observing ethical issues the researcher performed Adjustment Inventory and RRS (pre-test). Following the considered training, social adjustment and rumination were again measured (post-test) in the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Univariate analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effectiveness of group reality therapy training on social adjustment and rumination in infertile women.

Of the 30 subjects, 7 cases (23.3%) were in the age range of 25 to 30 years, 9 cases (30.0%) were in the age range of 31 to 35 years and 14 cases (46.7%) were in the age range of 36 to 40 years. In the pre-test phase, there was no significant difference between two groups in the mean scores of social adjustment and rumination (p> 0.05). However in the post-test, by controlling for pre-test effects, there was a significant difference between the mean social adjustment scores (p = 0.001, F = 86.38) and rumination (p = 0.001, F = 59.08) and group reality therapy training reduced the mean scores of these two variables (Table 1).

... [14-18]. The results of this study are in line with the results of a Darby study, in which it has shown that reality therapy techniques reduces couples' incompatibility [19]. It has indicated that reality therapy is effective in improving students' incompatibility and it has increased their adjustment, which is consistent with the results of the present study [20]. In addition, the results of this study are in line with the results of the Vahidiborji & Jadidi research that showed that reality therapy is effective in increasing emotional, social and academic adjustment of distressed female adolescents [21]. … [22-23]. Moreover, the results of this study are in consistent with the results of Saboori research indicating that group reality training reduces rumination in adolescents [24]. In a study, Prenzlau showed that group reality therapy was effective in reducing rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and caused a reduction in rumination, which is in line with the results of the present study [25]. … [26].

It is recommended that the study be performed on a larger sample size and to evaluate the long-term effects of this treatment, using follow-up through months and even one-year follow-up.

The limitations of the present study are the limited sample size and the lack of follow-up.

Training group reality therapy is effective in the level of social adjustment and rumination in infertile women.

The authors are grateful to all authorities and personnel of Sarem Infertility Center in Tehran as well as the patients participating in this study.

None declared.

All ethics were observed in this study.

This study is extracted from the master's thesis by the corresponding author entitled "The Effectiveness of Group Reality Training on the Social Adjustment and Rumination of Infertile Women" in clinical psychology.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file
Infertility is Non-fertilization of a couple after a year of regular sexual contact without using contraceptive methods.

… [1-10]. Rumination is one of the problems that affect women. Rumination is defined as resilient and recurring thoughts about a common issue. These thoughts involuntarily enter consciousness and distract the attention from the current issues and goals [11]. Several studies suggested a close relationship between rumination and different types of emotional disorders [12]. The main purpose of reality therapy is to help clinicians connect or reconnect with the people they have chosen to lead their qualitative world. The treatment objective, besides satisfying the need for affection and attachment, is to help patients learn better ways to satisfy all their needs. Today's reality therapy focuses on the unpleasant or missing relationship, which is often the patients’ problem.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy instruction of social adjustment and rumination rate in infertile women.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with pre-test post-test with control group.

The statistical population of this study included all infertile women referred to the Sarem Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran during 2017-2018.

Using purposive sampling method along with screening, 60 volunteers were assessed using social adjustment and rumination questionnaires (pre-test) and 30 infertile women were selected and divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subjects for each group).

The experimental group received 8-min group-based reality therapy sessions for two months and the control group did not receive any training. Questionnaires were then provided again for both groups. Research tools included: - Bell Adjustment Inventory: This questionnaire has 160 items. This form assesses five levels of individual and social adjustment separately. In this study, only social adjustment subscale with 32 questions and questions are answered by yes-no options (the low score in the Bell Questionnaire represents better adjustment). Validity of each subscale is as follows: home adjustment (0.91), emotional adjustment (0.91), health adjustment (0.81), occupational adjustment (0.85), social adjustment (0.88) and total score (0.94) [14]. - Ruminative response scale (RRS): Noulen-Huxma and Morrow developed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed four different types of negative mood responses. The Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) consisted of two scales, including RRS and Distraction Responses Scale (DRS). The RRS includes 22 items, which are answered on a scale from 1 (never) to 4 (often). [17] Based on experimental studies, RRS has high internal reliability. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient is in the range of 0.88 to 0.92. Various studies show that the test-retest correlation for RRS is 0.67 [18]. The research was conducted by referring to the Sarem Infertility Treatment Center and necessary explanations about the reality therapy training package and its benefits in the mental health of infertile women were provided. The list of all infertile women referred to this center was obtained and after necessary coordination and agreement with infertile women and emphasizing the confidentiality of data and observing ethical issues the researcher performed Adjustment Inventory and RRS (pre-test). Following the considered training, social adjustment and rumination were again measured (post-test) in the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Univariate analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effectiveness of group reality therapy training on social adjustment and rumination in infertile women.

Of the 30 subjects, 7 cases (23.3%) were in the age range of 25 to 30 years, 9 cases (30.0%) were in the age range of 31 to 35 years and 14 cases (46.7%) were in the age range of 36 to 40 years. In the pre-test phase, there was no significant difference between two groups in the mean scores of social adjustment and rumination (p> 0.05). However in the post-test, by controlling for pre-test effects, there was a significant difference between the mean social adjustment scores (p = 0.001, F = 86.38) and rumination (p = 0.001, F = 59.08) and group reality therapy training reduced the mean scores of these two variables (Table 1).

... [14-18]. The results of this study are in line with the results of a Darby study, in which it has shown that reality therapy techniques reduces couples' incompatibility [19]. It has indicated that reality therapy is effective in improving students' incompatibility and it has increased their adjustment, which is consistent with the results of the present study [20]. In addition, the results of this study are in line with the results of the Vahidiborji & Jadidi research that showed that reality therapy is effective in increasing emotional, social and academic adjustment of distressed female adolescents [21]. … [22-23]. Moreover, the results of this study are in consistent with the results of Saboori research indicating that group reality training reduces rumination in adolescents [24]. In a study, Prenzlau showed that group reality therapy was effective in reducing rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and caused a reduction in rumination, which is in line with the results of the present study [25]. … [26].

It is recommended that the study be performed on a larger sample size and to evaluate the long-term effects of this treatment, using follow-up through months and even one-year follow-up.

The limitations of the present study are the limited sample size and the lack of follow-up.

Training group reality therapy is effective in the level of social adjustment and rumination in infertile women.

The authors are grateful to all authorities and personnel of Sarem Infertility Center in Tehran as well as the patients participating in this study.

None declared.

All ethics were observed in this study.

This study is extracted from the master's thesis by the corresponding author entitled "The Effectiveness of Group Reality Training on the Social Adjustment and Rumination of Infertile Women" in clinical psychology.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


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