ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Fathei   M. (*)
Khairabadi   S. (1)
Ramezani   F. (2)
Hejazi   K. (1)






(*) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Sports Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training College, Mashhad, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Paradise Daneshgah, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. Post Code: 91779-48979
Phone: +98 (51) 18833910
Fax: +98 (51) 18829580
dr.mfathei@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  October  16, 2015
Accepted:  May 10, 2016
ePublished:  October 1, 2016

BRIEF TEXT


Nowadays, obesity and overweight are increasing worldwide and this is not merely limited to developed countries [1, 2].

... [3-16]. Venables et al. demonstrated that the consumption of green tea extract with moderate-intensity cycling exercise (60% of the maximum oxygen consumption) increases the share of fat in spending the total energy [17].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises and consuming green tea supplementation on some of the cardiovascular risk factors in obese inactive women.

This is a quasi-experimental study in the design of pretest-posttest with the control group.

This study was conducted in 2015 on obese inactive women of Mashhad.

40 obese inactive women living in Mashhad were selected through purposeful and available sampling method. Being healthy based on the Health Questionnaire, not taking medicine or drugs and not participating in any training program for at least two months before taking part in the exercise program were the criteria of the study. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of green tea, aerobic exercise, the combination of green tea and aerobic exercise and the control group, each with 10 people.

To assess body composition, the height of the subjects, the perimeter of their hips and waists, the weight and the percentage of body fat were measured by stadiometer (SECA; Germany) with a sensitivity of 5 mm, a tape measure (MABIS; Japan) with the accuracy of 5 mm, with a sensitivity of 100 grams and bio-electrical Impedance device (model 720) (In body; South Korea), respectively. Through dividing the weight of body by the square of height in meters, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in kilogram per square meter. To determine the perimeter of the hip and waist, the researcher measured the subjects` waists with a tape measure on the lowest point (between the lower end of the chest and belly bottom) in cm and the hips (on the widest spot on the rump) again in cm, and by dividing them, waist-to-hip ratio was calculated. All measurements were done while subjects had refused to eat and drink for four hours before the test, and their bladder, stomach and intestine were empty as much as possible. On two occasions, blood samples of left hand`s vein of the subjects were collected in sitting and resting positions 48 hours before the start of the exercises and 48 hours after the last training session. All the samples were taken between 6 to 7 am in the laboratory. The serum amount of C-reactive protein was determined through nephelometry technique by MININEPH TM human C-reactive protein kit (Binding Site; United Kingdom). Besides, the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and serum triglyceride were assessed using a kit (Pars test Company; Iran) enzymatically by the auto-analyzer device. The training program was performed for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 to 60 minutes) including general warm-up for 10 minutes (walking, jogging, stretching and movements), 30 to 40 minutes of aerobic exercise as the main activity with the intensity of 65-75% of maximum heart rate, and 10 minutes of cooling the body the same as the starting point (jogging, walking and stretching) at the end of each exercising session. The maximum heart rate was calculated using the formula of "220 minus age". Exercise intensity was controlled using pulse meter (Polar; Finland). During this period, the members of the control group did not participate in any exercise and only carried out their daily normal activities. In the group with green tea consumption, the participants were asked to brew 2 grams of dried tea in 100 ml of boiling water 3 times a day for eight weeks after 2 hours of each meal and drink it. All participants used one kind of green tea which was produced by Lahijan Green Tea Company with the license of Ministry of Health under the registration number of 47/11439 with ISO9001 code. For the group with the combination of exercise and green tea supplementation, both interventions were executed. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS 15 software. After confirming the normality of theoretical distribution of data using the statistical Shapiro Wilk exploration test and the homogeneity of variance by Levine test, paired T-test was used to compare intergroup changes as was ANOVA to compare the changes of intergroup variance.

The subjects participated in the study had the mean age of 40.05 ± 3.44 and the BMI mean of 27.57 ± 2.92 kg per square meter (Table 1). The mean levels of total cholesterol in the group with green tea (p=0.003), aerobic exercise (p=0.001) and aerobic exercise plus green tea (p=0.001), mean triglyceride of the group with green tea (p=0.021) and aerobic exercise (p=0.001), mean low-density lipoprotein of green tea group(p=0.007) and aerobic exercise plus green tea (p=0.004), and the mean high-density lipoprotein of the group only with aerobic exercise (p=0.001) had significant changes in the post-test stage compared to pre-test. The mean concentration of C-reactive protein in the group with aerobic exercise (p=0.01) and aerobic exercise plus green tea (p=0.04) decreased significantly. Moreover, among the variables of total cholesterol and triglyceride a significant difference was observed between the four groups of green tea, aerobic exercise, a combination of aerobic exercise and green tea, and the control group (p <0.05; Table 2).

... [18-28]. The results of this study indicated that the amounts of C-reactive protein in inactive women had a significant decrease in the group with aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise plus green tea. These results are consistent with the findings of Dastani [29] but they contradict the results of the research by Eichenberg et al. [16] and Sarban et al. [30]... [31-35].

It is recommended to use aerobic exercises especially with the consumption of green tea as an effective non-pharmacological therapy to prevent adverse effects of increased incidence of atherosclerosis.

The limitations of this study are lack of control over the life style (the amount of sleep, rest and extra activities), genetic and physiological characteristics, different adjusting responses to physical activity and the small number of subjects due to some of the refusals for taking part in this study.

Eight weeks of aerobic exercising, green tea consumption and the combination of these two together in obese inactive women are effective in improving the cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis by diminishing cardiovascular risk factors including C-reactive protein and some lipid profiles.

Special thanks are addressed to the subjects participating in this study for their efforts.

Non-declared

The subjects voluntarily participated in the study according to the conditions of the study and they signed letters of consent.

This paper is taken from a registered research project under the code of 30882 and is funded by the Department of Research and Technology of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad.

TABLES and CHARTS

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