@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2008-2630    Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):49-55

Background
Resiliency is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes group of favorable behaviors and attitudes that have adaptability ability with ways to deal with acute and chronic stressful events [1, 2].
Previous Studies
... [3]. Resiliency indicates the ability, the flexibility and the ability to control or back to normal condition after confronting stress and severe challenge [4]. … [5]. Campbell-Sills et al, standardized the first scale of resilience with choosing 10 of 25 questions of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, on a sample with 511 persons [6] … [7-27].
Aim(s)
The aim of the current study was the study of psychometric properties of the short Persian version scale of resiliency in disabled and veteran athletes.
Research type
This research is a survey.
Research society, place and time
In this study in 2015, 168 persons (100 men and 68 women) of disabled and veteran athletes of Tehran who had been injured in one of the joints (reins, thigh, knee and so on) were under study.
Sampling method and number
The samples were chosen randomly and were under study. For not having information about the exact and real size of the society, specifying the number of the samples was conducted based on the aim of the study, given that the required samples in factor analysis studies, have been suggested 5 to 10 subjects for each question of the questionnaire [28-30]. It is worth mentioning that the aim of choosing such a wide range in skills and the kind of sport was increasing the generalizability of the findings of the study [30, 31]. The chosen people as the statistical sample should have mental and physical health, so that chemical veterans and people with psychiatric problems were not placed in the study.
Used devices&materials
The used device was the short Persian version of resiliency scale of Connor-Davidson that was designed for evaluating the resiliency of people. In the short version of this scale that has 6 questions, questions 1, 3 and 5 are positive and questions 2, 5 and 6 are negative. Therefore, the reverse rating is being used for half of these questions. For each question, Likert five values was considered that each question shows the amount of agreement and disagreement of each person. In English version, the first evaluations of factor structure of shorten version of resiliency scale has confirmed the validity of this device. The structure of the short version of resiliency scale has been assessed by means of the major factors using Varimax rotation method, internal consistency using Cronbach' Alpha and time reliability through intra-class correlation coefficient [27]. The reliability of the structure of short version of single factor resiliency factor of Smith et al. [27], based on confirmatory factor analysis for each 6 questions, with confirmatory factor analysis has been reported 69% to 90% that shows the so called structure has favorable and acceptable reliability. In the first stage, three of the specialists in sports psychology with using translation-retranslation confirmed the accuracy of the translation of the shorten form of resiliency version of Conner-Davidson. In addition to these issues, to prevent the bias of social utility or friendly community in veterans and disabled, they were informed that the result of the study has no effect on selection and choosing the sport field and there is no assumed correct or wrong answer for shorten version of resiliency scale [13, 32]. To analysis the data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used. Descriptive statistics was used for calculating central and dispersion indicators. Because, according to structural equation experts, when researchers have a premise model, the used statistical method in the first stage should be confirmatory factorial analysis and not exploratory [33, 34]. The confirmatory factorial analysis based on structural equations was used for studying and confirming the reliability of the shorten version of resiliency scale and the internal consistency (scale stability) was confirmed by using the Cronbach' Alpha. In the following, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for specifying the time reliability [35]. Since there is no agreement between structural equation modeling experts about which fitness index provides a better estimation of the model, it is suggested that three to four fitness indicators being reported for better estimation [28, 36] .Experts have offered different models for fitness indices; For example, regarding the symbolic indicator, amounts under 0.08 indicates the acceptability of the model and in TLI index (Taker Louise Fit index) and CFI (Bentley comparative fit index) in which their domain range is zero and one, amounts more than 0.95 indicate the good amounts of the model [36]. About the ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom, amounts less than 3 are explained as acceptable and good [25]. Given that resiliency, scale is single factor, all the 6 questions load in one factor. To study the meaningfulness of the relationship between all questions and factors, the t indicator should be used. In addition, to conduct the so-called statistical calculations, the SPSS 20 and Lisrel 8.8 soft wares were used.
Findings by Text
68 persons (40.5%) of participants of the study were women and 100 persons (59.5%) were men. Among women, 62 persons were disabled and 6 were veterans and among men 27 persons were disabled and 73 persons were veterans. The mean resiliency score obtained 17.63±4.28. In addition, to evaluate the internal consistency of short version of resiliency scale, the Cronbach' Alpha was calculated equal to 0.76 which was desirable. To evaluate the time reliability of the short version of resiliency scale, internal class consistency coefficient obtained 0.76, which indicates the acceptability of time reliability or repeatability of results of this scale for athlete veterans and disabled. Question 6 (t=11.13; factor=.85 load factor) had the most important role in specifying the resiliency in athlete veterans and disabled. All questions according to loadings amounts and the significance level has meaningful relationship with resiliency variable (Table 1). The comparison or matching of fitness index was more than 0.99, symbolic indicator was less than 0.08, Chi square proportion to the degree of freedom index was less than 3, and Parsimonious goodness of fit index was more than 0.6 that showed the acceptability of measuring model of resiliency scale (Table 2).
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [37, 38] The current study results were aligned with the results of Smith et al. [27] who designed and conducted psychometric on the main short scale of resiliency. The validity of the structure of the short version of single factor resiliency scale of Smith et al [27] based on factorial evaluation for each question, with factorial load was reported between 0.69 to 0.90 that these obtained amounts in comparison to standardized amount range of factorial load questions in the current study (0.29 to 0.85) are larger amounts. The internal consistency of 10 questions resiliency scale in nursery students showed by Keyhani et al. that this device has not desirable consistency(0.66) [39]. … [40].
Suggestions
The Persian version of short resiliency scale, a reliable and stable device, has the ability to be used for studying and evaluating the resiliency of athlete veterans and disabled in Iran. In addition this device along with other psychometric devices, provide a suitable domain for athlete psychologists in more research and practical activities to improve the operation of athlete veterans and disabled in Iran.
Limitations
One of the limitations of this study has been the unavailability of wide samples of women veterans and disabled. At last based on this study.
Conclusions
The Persian scale of short version of resiliency has acceptable validity and reliability among athlete veterans and disabled and have the capacity to be used by athletes, trainers and researchers.
Acknowledgments
We thank and appreciate all the dear veterans and disabled who devoted part of their precious time to contribute in this study.
Conflict of interest
In the current study, there was no conflict of interests.
Ethical Permissions
The assurances about the confidentiality of information and making the participants mentally and psychologically ready for participating in the study were of observed ethical points.
Funding Sources
The financial credit of this study was provided by authors.

TABLES and CHARTS

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