@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):29-34
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2020;12(1):29-34
Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on Loneliness and Rumination of Veterans’ Spouses
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Talebi A. (1)Zarnaghash M. (*1)
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, 3 km of Marvdasht-Persepolis Boulevard, Fars, Iran. Postal code:7371113119Phone: +98 (71) 43112201
Fax: +98 (71) 43311172
mzarnaghash@miau.ac.ir
Article History
Received: April 22, 2019Accepted: January 8, 2020
ePublished: March 17, 2020
BRIEF TEXT
Veterans' families, especially their wives, are at high risk for mental and psychological injuries that should be noticed to them.
… [1]. Studies on war survivors in Norway have shown that war survivors are significantly more likely to develop the disease than others [2, 3]. On the other hand, the history of chronic and serious illness in a family member usually has a profound effect on the family system, and the roles, performance, and quality of life of family members [4]. … [5-7]. Mindfulness is the practice of purposely focusing your attention on the present moment and accepting it without judgment. The goal of mindfulness-based methods is to reduce the role of limited consciousness and some of the disturbing emotional and behavioral effects of psychological experiences in patients [8]. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is based on the Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program model added with the principles of cognitive therapy. … [8-12]
The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness based cognitive therapy on loneliness and rumination of veterans’ spouses.
This research was an experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group.
In this study, 22 veterans’ spouses of Shiraz city in 2018 were studied.
The subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into case and control groups (11 subjects per group). Accordingly, after reviewing the documents available in the counseling center of Shiraz Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs, 22 veterans’ spouses who were diagnosed with loneliness and rumination by counseling center therapists were invited to participate in the study.
The subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into case and control groups (11 subjects per group). Accordingly, after reviewing the documents available in the counseling center of Shiraz Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs, 22 veterans’ spouses who were diagnosed with loneliness and rumination by counseling center therapists were invited to participate in the study.
The age range of the participants in the study ranged from 33 to 64 years and they had a secondary school to master's educational levels. The average age of the case and control groups was 41.5 ±70.0 and 42.7 ±7.90 years, respectively. In the case group, 2 cases (18.2%) had a secondary school education, 4 cases (36.4%) had a diploma, 3 cases (27.3%) had a bachelor's degree, and 2 cases (18.2%) had a master's degree or higher. In the control group, 2 cases (18.2%) had a secondary school education, 3 cases (27.3%) had a diploma, 4 cases (36.4%) had a bachelor's degree and 2 cases (18.2%) had a master's degree or higher. In the case group, significant changes were observed in the post-test in loneliness and rumination compared with the pre-test, whereas in the control group, no significant changes were observed. Regarding intergroup comparisons, there was a significant difference in the loneliness and rumination between the case and control groups (Table 2).
… [13-17]. The results of the present study showed that group MBCT led to a decrease in obsessive-compulsive disorder and loneliness in the case group. This result is consistent with the results of studies indicating a significant reduction in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder scores in infertile women [18], the effect of MBCT on increased ability to prevent recurrence of depression [19], reducing obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression of women quitting methadone [20], reducing obsessive-compulsive disorder of women with breast cancer [21], reducing the negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (other-blame, catastrophizing, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder [22], reducing the feeling of loneliness and shyness of female students [23], the effect of MBCT on reducing loneliness in college students in China [24], increasing quality of life and reducing loneliness in women with HIV and reducing depression in coronary heart disease patients.
It is suggested that in future studies the same therapeutic intervention be performed using other psychological variables on veterans and their children.
Data collection was only done using the questionnaires, which may not be accurate enough to evaluate the variables.
MBCT is an effective strategy to reducing sense of loneliness, and rumination in veterans’ spouses.
The authors are thankful of the Counseling Center of Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs of Shiraz and the families of the veterans participating in this research.
None declared.
After obtaining the permission from the Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht and the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs of Shiraz, the samples were selected and were explained about the course of treatment, research objectives, the time needed, the potential losses and benefits.
This research was extracted from the Master's thesis in Psychology supported by the Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht branch.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
[1]Yahyazadeh H, Masoumzadeh N. Studing the issues of veteran's wives life. J Soc Dev Welfare Plann. 2016;7(28):91-115. [Persian]
[2]Eitinger L, Strom A. Mortality and morbidity after excessive stress: a follow-up investigation of Norwegian concentration camp survivors. 1st Edition. New York: Humanities Press; 1973.
[3]Harel A, Kahana B, Wilson JP. War and remmembrence. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, editors. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Springer; 1993. p. 263-74.
[4]Khaghanizadeh M, Maleki H, Abbasi M, Abbaspour A, Heshmati Nabavi F, Ebadi A, et al. Elements and structure of medical ethics curriculum. Med Ethics J. 2010;4(12):11-38. [Persian]
[5]Vafaei T, Khosravi S. The comparison between mental health of devotee’s spouses and normal people’s spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(4):9-13. [Persian]
[6]Yamininia N. Investigation of personality traits of wives of spinal cord and nerves and spouses of harmless individuals [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University; 2001. [Persian]
[7]Salimi H, Azad Marzabadi E, Amiri M, Taghavi MR. Aspects of marital satisfaction among veterans' wives. New Thoughts Educ. 2009;4(4):55-72. [Persian]
[8]Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125-43.
[9]Mohammadkhani P, Khanipour H. Mindfulness-based treatments. 1st Edition. Tehran: University of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences; 2011. [Persian]
[10]Kabat‐Zinn J. Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):144-56.
[11]Teasdale RD, Matheson F, Gleeson PA. Post-translational modifications distinguish cell surface from Golgi-retained β1, 4 galactosyltransferase molecules. Golgi localization involves active retention. Glycobiology. 1994;4(6):917-28.
[12]Zarnaqhash M, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Beshlideh K, Davoodi I, Marashi SA. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on quality of life and resiliency of veterans spouses in Ahvaz. Psychol Methods Models. 2016;7(23):83-99. [Persian]
[13]DiTommaso E, Brannen C, Best LA. Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educ Psychol Meas. 2004;64(1):99-119.
[14]DiTommaso E, Brannen-McNulty C, Ross L, Burgess M. Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;35(2):303-12.
[15]Rosenzweig S, Greeson JM, Reibel DK, Green JS, Jasser SA, Beasley D. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(1):29-36.
[16]DiTommaso E, Fizell SR, Robinson BA. Chronic loneliness within an attachment framework: processes and interventions. In: Sha'ked A, Rokach A, editors. Addressing loneliness: coping, prevention and clinical interventions. London: Psychology Press; 2015. p. 263-76.
[17]Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569-82.
[18]Perestelo-Perez L, Barraca J, Peñate W, Rivero-Santana A, Alvarez-Perez Y. Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17(3):282-95.
[19]Fili A, Borjali A, Sohrabi F, Farrokhi N. The comparitive efficacy of cognitive- behavior therapy and Teasdale mindfulness-based cognitive therapy of infertile depressed women’s rumination. Armaghan-e Danesh. 2012;17(1):14-21. [Persian]
[20]Teimouri S, Ramezani F, Mahjoob, N. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group cognitive therapy in reducing depression and obsessive rumination among women under methadone treatment. J Res Addict. 2015;9(34):145-59. [Persian]
[21]Heydarian A, Zahrakar K, Mohsenzadeh F. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on reducing rumination and enhancing resilience in female patients with breast cancer: a randomized trial. Iran J Breast Dis. 2016;9(2):52-9. [Persian]
[22]Dianeti F, Moheb N. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Instruct Eval. 2018;10(40):171-88. [Persian]
[23]Tarkhan M. The influence of mindfulness-based cognitive therapies on loneliness feeling and shyness of students. Soc Cogn. 2017;5(2):94-106. [Persian]
[24]Zhang N, Fan FM, Huang SY, Rodriguez MA. Mindfulness training for loneliness among Chinese college students: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Psychol. 2018;53(5):373-8.
[25]Farhadi A, Movaohdi Y, Kariminejad K, Movahedi M. The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depression in male patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014;2(4):6-14. [Persian]
[2]Eitinger L, Strom A. Mortality and morbidity after excessive stress: a follow-up investigation of Norwegian concentration camp survivors. 1st Edition. New York: Humanities Press; 1973.
[3]Harel A, Kahana B, Wilson JP. War and remmembrence. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, editors. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Springer; 1993. p. 263-74.
[4]Khaghanizadeh M, Maleki H, Abbasi M, Abbaspour A, Heshmati Nabavi F, Ebadi A, et al. Elements and structure of medical ethics curriculum. Med Ethics J. 2010;4(12):11-38. [Persian]
[5]Vafaei T, Khosravi S. The comparison between mental health of devotee’s spouses and normal people’s spouses. Iran J War Public Health. 2009;1(4):9-13. [Persian]
[6]Yamininia N. Investigation of personality traits of wives of spinal cord and nerves and spouses of harmless individuals [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Moalem University; 2001. [Persian]
[7]Salimi H, Azad Marzabadi E, Amiri M, Taghavi MR. Aspects of marital satisfaction among veterans' wives. New Thoughts Educ. 2009;4(4):55-72. [Persian]
[8]Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125-43.
[9]Mohammadkhani P, Khanipour H. Mindfulness-based treatments. 1st Edition. Tehran: University of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences; 2011. [Persian]
[10]Kabat‐Zinn J. Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):144-56.
[11]Teasdale RD, Matheson F, Gleeson PA. Post-translational modifications distinguish cell surface from Golgi-retained β1, 4 galactosyltransferase molecules. Golgi localization involves active retention. Glycobiology. 1994;4(6):917-28.
[12]Zarnaqhash M, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Beshlideh K, Davoodi I, Marashi SA. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on quality of life and resiliency of veterans spouses in Ahvaz. Psychol Methods Models. 2016;7(23):83-99. [Persian]
[13]DiTommaso E, Brannen C, Best LA. Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educ Psychol Meas. 2004;64(1):99-119.
[14]DiTommaso E, Brannen-McNulty C, Ross L, Burgess M. Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;35(2):303-12.
[15]Rosenzweig S, Greeson JM, Reibel DK, Green JS, Jasser SA, Beasley D. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(1):29-36.
[16]DiTommaso E, Fizell SR, Robinson BA. Chronic loneliness within an attachment framework: processes and interventions. In: Sha'ked A, Rokach A, editors. Addressing loneliness: coping, prevention and clinical interventions. London: Psychology Press; 2015. p. 263-76.
[17]Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569-82.
[18]Perestelo-Perez L, Barraca J, Peñate W, Rivero-Santana A, Alvarez-Perez Y. Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17(3):282-95.
[19]Fili A, Borjali A, Sohrabi F, Farrokhi N. The comparitive efficacy of cognitive- behavior therapy and Teasdale mindfulness-based cognitive therapy of infertile depressed women’s rumination. Armaghan-e Danesh. 2012;17(1):14-21. [Persian]
[20]Teimouri S, Ramezani F, Mahjoob, N. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group cognitive therapy in reducing depression and obsessive rumination among women under methadone treatment. J Res Addict. 2015;9(34):145-59. [Persian]
[21]Heydarian A, Zahrakar K, Mohsenzadeh F. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on reducing rumination and enhancing resilience in female patients with breast cancer: a randomized trial. Iran J Breast Dis. 2016;9(2):52-9. [Persian]
[22]Dianeti F, Moheb N. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Instruct Eval. 2018;10(40):171-88. [Persian]
[23]Tarkhan M. The influence of mindfulness-based cognitive therapies on loneliness feeling and shyness of students. Soc Cogn. 2017;5(2):94-106. [Persian]
[24]Zhang N, Fan FM, Huang SY, Rodriguez MA. Mindfulness training for loneliness among Chinese college students: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Psychol. 2018;53(5):373-8.
[25]Farhadi A, Movaohdi Y, Kariminejad K, Movahedi M. The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depression in male patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014;2(4):6-14. [Persian]