@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(3):145-150
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(3):145-150
Mortality Rates Due to Substance and Stimulants Abuse in Corpses Submitted to the Forensic Medicine Organization of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province during 2013-2018
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Ghadir Zadeh M. (1)Yarinasab F. (*2)
Amini K. (2)
Nazari I. (3)
Salari A. (4)
(*2) Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran
(1) Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
(3) Psychology Department, Humanities Faculty, Ahvaz International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
(4) Criminal Law & Criminology Department, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Legal Medicine Organization, Hejrat 3 Alley, Shariati Street, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran. Postal Code: 7591781157Phone: +98 (74) 33235412
Fax: +98 (74) 33223616
Yarinasab.f@gmail.com
Article History
Received: December 30, 2018Accepted: July 24, 2019
ePublished: September 21, 2019
BRIEF TEXT
Addiction is one of the crises of the twenty-first century and is considered as a leading social threats and harms, which has challenged most of the communities, especially Iran [1, 2].
... [3-8]. ... [9]. Opioids are the most common drugs in Iran. Common opioids in Iran include opium, syrup, heroin and codeine that are used orally and also by inhalation and injection [10]. Various studies have shown an increasing trend of drug poisoning, especially opioid addiction and the resulted deaths [11-13]. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2019, around 35 million worldwide suffered from drug abuse disorders and required health care [14]. In a study in 2009 in Washington, 1,668 people died due to drug use, which are 6.4 deaths per 100,000 deaths a year [15]. A study in the United States showed that the total rate of drug poisoning cases during 1999 to 2006 has more than tripled [6]. … [16-18].
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of drug-related deaths in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province during 2013 to 2018.
This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the recorded deaths in Legal Medicine Organization of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province (Yasuj, Dehdasht and Gachsaran) in 2013-2014.
The sample consisted of 123 individuals who were studied by census method. The cases whose medical records were incomplete were excluded.
The deaths caused by drugs and other psychotropics were confirmed in Legal Medicine Organization toxicology laboratories by sampling various tissues, such as blood, bile, stomach, urine, vitreous fluid. Data were collected from the samples’ documents using a form containing personal and demographic information and the questions related to laboratory and diagnostic findings. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, percent) and chi-square test.
In total, 123 cases were examined, of which 115 cases were male and the rest were female. The majority of cases recorded in Legal Medicine Organization were 20-30 years old, single, with diploma education and below, with non-governmental jobs and also those who were unemployed (Table 1).More than half of the cases had used one substance and 19.7% consumed different substances, of which opium-methadone had the highest rate (28.4%). Opium, methadone, and tramadol were the most commonly used opiates. There was also a significant difference between drug-related deaths in 2013 to 2017 in opium, heroin, methamphetamine, tramadol and methadone (p <0.05; Table 2).
… [19–25]. In terms of age, the most of the subjects were between 20 and 30 years (37.4%) with more than half (54.5%) single, 35.8% married, and 9.8% divorced. Our results are consistent with the results of previous studies, including the study of Hejazi et al. [19], Shekarzadeh et al. [21], Najari & Afshar [26], Amooe & Taremian [27], Khalkhali et al. [28], and Popova et al. [29]. According to the results, the highest level of education was diploma (35.8%) and guidance school (32.5%) and the majority of cases had non-governmental jobs (42.3%) and were unemployed (26.0%). This is in line with the results of previous studies [19, 20] and also Dung study, in which 78% of drug-related deaths occur in people with high school education and below [30]. … [31-34].
Prospective studies using larger sample sizes are suggested.
One of the limitations of the study is its retrospective design, which can lead to uncertainty in answering the questions answered by the relatives of the dead cases to complete their documents.
Drug-related deaths in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2013-17 was observed in young people with low level of education and also those with low-income level and unemployed, and addiction to methadone and tramadol has been increasing over the years.
The authors would like to thank the Legal Medicine Organization of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province and all who cooperated to carry out this research.
None declared.
This research was registered at the SAMAT website (1398820-15102) and approved by the Research Council and the Legal Medicine Organization Research Center of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.
The study was funded by the Plan and Budget Organization and the Legal Medicine Organization of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[15]Coolen P, Best S, Lima A, Sabel J, Paulozz L. Overdose deaths involving prescription opiods among medical enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. NMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(42):1171-5.
[16]Allahverdipour H, Farhadinasab A, Bashirian S, Mahjoob H. Pattern and inclination of adolescents towards substance abuse. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2008;15(4):35-42. [Persian]
[17]Purehsan S, Falsafinejad M, Delavar A, Farokhi N, Borjali A. Metacognitive Beliefs and Students’ Tendency toward Drug Abbuse and Cross-level Effect of School-Bounding. J Pract Clin Psychol. 2016;4(1):33-42.
[18]Valadbeigi E, Nikbakht I, Lashkari A. Tendency to drug use among high school students (case study: Marivan high schools) . Soc Welfare. 2017;17(64):237-59. [Persian]
[19]Hejazi, A, Zare GA, Zeidabadinejad MB, Shakeri MT. Epidemiologic study of deaths that related to opiate abuse in center of Khorasan legal medicine from 20 March 2004 to 20 March 2006. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2009;52(2):101-6. [Persian]
[20]Salari A, Alikhani M, Alikhani A, Zakiei A, Jamshidi T, Farnia V. Registered mortality in Kermanshah legal medicine center due to taking drug abuse and survey demographics variables and doing autopsy on their body's. Iran J Forensic Med. 2016;21(4):255-62. [Persian]
[21]Shokrzadeh M, Yazdani Charati J, Pourhossein M, Amadeh Jouybari N. Epidemiological study of mortality rate from opioid abuse in referential bodies to Mazandaran department of forensic medicine. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2014;24(115):122-7. [Persian]
[22]Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Bucello Ch, Lemon J, Wiessing L, Hickman M. Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(2):102-23.
[23]Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz D, Xi Y. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(9):618-27.
[24]Zarrabi H, Najafi K, Kafi M, Shirazi M. Substance use among students of Guilan University of medical science in Iranian in 2005-2006. Acta Med Iranian. 2009;47(6):473-8.
[25]Wunsch MJ, Nakamoto K, Behonick G, Massello W. Opioid deaths in rural Virginia: a description of the high prevalence of accidental fatalities involving prescribed medications. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):5-14.
[26]Najjari F, Afshar M. Deaths due to poisoning referred to legal medicine organization of Iran. Razi J Med Sci. 2004;11(40):309-16. [Persian]
[27]Amooei M, Taremian F. 109 death due to opiume consumption who refered to Iranian forensic centers. Iran J Forensic Med. 2002;8(26):21-6. [Persian]
[28]Khalkhali SMR, Najafi K, Nazifi F. The frequency of drugs and substances use in opiate dependents. J Gilan Univ Med Sci. 2006;15(57):40-7. [Persian]
[29]Popova S, Rehm J, Patra J. Illegal drug attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in 2002: implications for prevention and policy. Contemp Drug Probl. 2006:33(3):343-66.
[30]Shahbazi F, Mirtorabi D, Ghadirzadeh MR, Hashemi-Nazari SS. Analysis of mortality rate of illicit substance abuse and its trend in five years in Iran, 2014-2018. Addict Health. 2018;10(4):260-8.
[31]Shahbazi F, Mirtorabi SD, Ghadirzadeh MS, Ghoreishi MS, Hashemi Nazari S. Epidemiological study of mortality from drug abuse in bodies referred to Iranian legal medicine organization in 2013-2014. Iran J Epidemiol. 2018;14(1):9-18. [Persian]
[32]Shokrzadeh M, Zarei H, Badeli A, Jalilian J, Ebrahimi Falahtalab F, Lashkarboloki G G, et al . Epidemiology of death caused by drug abuse in Golestan province during 2010-2015. J Health. 2019;9(5):541-8. [Persian]
[33]Hojjat SK, Golmakani E, Kazemi S, Noroozi Khalili M, Lashkardoost H, Sedghi A, et al . Incidence of death due to substance abuse documented in North Khorasan forensic medicine organization in 2008-2013. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5(3):565-70. [Persian]
[34]Webster LR, cochella S, Dagupta N, Fakata KL, Fine PG, Fishman SM, et al. An analysis of the root causes for opioid-related overdose death in the United States. Pain Med. 2011;12(suppl 2):S26-35.
[2]Naghib al-Sadat SR, Ghane M. The relationship between the utilization of communication technologies and the attitude toward addiction in youth. Sociol Stud Youth. 2012;2(5):113-28. [Persian]
[3]Zeinali A, Wahdat R, Eisavi M. Pre-addiction susceptibility backgrounds in recovered drug users. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2008;14(1):71-9. [Persian]
[4]Sourizaei M, Khalatbari J, Keikhayfarzaneh MM, Raisifard R. The prevention of drug abuse, methods, challenges and researches. Indian J Sci Technol. 2011;4(8):1000-3.
[5]Häkkinen M, Launiainen T, Vuori E, Ojanperä I. Comparison of fatal poisonings by prescription opioids. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;222(1-3):327-31.
[6]Degenhardt L. Global burden of disease: mental disorders and illicit drug use expert group. Illicit Drugs. 2008.
[7]Dehghani Kh, Zare A, Dehghani H, Sedghi H, Poormovahed Z. Drug abuse prevalence and risk factors in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2010;18(3):164-9. [Persian]
[8]Ghanbari-Talab M, Fooladchang M. On the relationship of resilience and mental vitality with addiction potential among students. Res Addict. 2015;9(34):9-22.
[9]Monajati VR. Treatment of addiction. 1st Edition. Shiraz: Sea of Light; 2003. [Persian]
[10]Hatami H, Razavi SM, Eftekhar H, Majlesi F. Comprehensive book of public health. Volume 3. 1st Edition. Tehran: Arjemand Publications; 2006. p. 45-7. [Persian]
[11]Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Sivilotti ML, Kopp A, Qureshi O, Juurlink DN. Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. CMAJ. 2009;181(12):891-6.
[12]Warner M, Chen LH, Makuc DM. Increase in fatal poisonings involving opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999-2006. NCHS Data Brief. 2009;(22):1-8.
[13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States 1999---2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(43):1487-92.
[14]United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Opioid overdose: preventing and reducing Opioid overdose mortality [Internet]. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 23]. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/wdr2019/.
[15]Coolen P, Best S, Lima A, Sabel J, Paulozz L. Overdose deaths involving prescription opiods among medical enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. NMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(42):1171-5.
[16]Allahverdipour H, Farhadinasab A, Bashirian S, Mahjoob H. Pattern and inclination of adolescents towards substance abuse. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2008;15(4):35-42. [Persian]
[17]Purehsan S, Falsafinejad M, Delavar A, Farokhi N, Borjali A. Metacognitive Beliefs and Students’ Tendency toward Drug Abbuse and Cross-level Effect of School-Bounding. J Pract Clin Psychol. 2016;4(1):33-42.
[18]Valadbeigi E, Nikbakht I, Lashkari A. Tendency to drug use among high school students (case study: Marivan high schools) . Soc Welfare. 2017;17(64):237-59. [Persian]
[19]Hejazi, A, Zare GA, Zeidabadinejad MB, Shakeri MT. Epidemiologic study of deaths that related to opiate abuse in center of Khorasan legal medicine from 20 March 2004 to 20 March 2006. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2009;52(2):101-6. [Persian]
[20]Salari A, Alikhani M, Alikhani A, Zakiei A, Jamshidi T, Farnia V. Registered mortality in Kermanshah legal medicine center due to taking drug abuse and survey demographics variables and doing autopsy on their body's. Iran J Forensic Med. 2016;21(4):255-62. [Persian]
[21]Shokrzadeh M, Yazdani Charati J, Pourhossein M, Amadeh Jouybari N. Epidemiological study of mortality rate from opioid abuse in referential bodies to Mazandaran department of forensic medicine. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2014;24(115):122-7. [Persian]
[22]Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Bucello Ch, Lemon J, Wiessing L, Hickman M. Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(2):102-23.
[23]Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz D, Xi Y. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(9):618-27.
[24]Zarrabi H, Najafi K, Kafi M, Shirazi M. Substance use among students of Guilan University of medical science in Iranian in 2005-2006. Acta Med Iranian. 2009;47(6):473-8.
[25]Wunsch MJ, Nakamoto K, Behonick G, Massello W. Opioid deaths in rural Virginia: a description of the high prevalence of accidental fatalities involving prescribed medications. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):5-14.
[26]Najjari F, Afshar M. Deaths due to poisoning referred to legal medicine organization of Iran. Razi J Med Sci. 2004;11(40):309-16. [Persian]
[27]Amooei M, Taremian F. 109 death due to opiume consumption who refered to Iranian forensic centers. Iran J Forensic Med. 2002;8(26):21-6. [Persian]
[28]Khalkhali SMR, Najafi K, Nazifi F. The frequency of drugs and substances use in opiate dependents. J Gilan Univ Med Sci. 2006;15(57):40-7. [Persian]
[29]Popova S, Rehm J, Patra J. Illegal drug attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in 2002: implications for prevention and policy. Contemp Drug Probl. 2006:33(3):343-66.
[30]Shahbazi F, Mirtorabi D, Ghadirzadeh MR, Hashemi-Nazari SS. Analysis of mortality rate of illicit substance abuse and its trend in five years in Iran, 2014-2018. Addict Health. 2018;10(4):260-8.
[31]Shahbazi F, Mirtorabi SD, Ghadirzadeh MS, Ghoreishi MS, Hashemi Nazari S. Epidemiological study of mortality from drug abuse in bodies referred to Iranian legal medicine organization in 2013-2014. Iran J Epidemiol. 2018;14(1):9-18. [Persian]
[32]Shokrzadeh M, Zarei H, Badeli A, Jalilian J, Ebrahimi Falahtalab F, Lashkarboloki G G, et al . Epidemiology of death caused by drug abuse in Golestan province during 2010-2015. J Health. 2019;9(5):541-8. [Persian]
[33]Hojjat SK, Golmakani E, Kazemi S, Noroozi Khalili M, Lashkardoost H, Sedghi A, et al . Incidence of death due to substance abuse documented in North Khorasan forensic medicine organization in 2008-2013. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5(3):565-70. [Persian]
[34]Webster LR, cochella S, Dagupta N, Fakata KL, Fine PG, Fishman SM, et al. An analysis of the root causes for opioid-related overdose death in the United States. Pain Med. 2011;12(suppl 2):S26-35.