@2024 Afarand., IRAN

---

ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):64-70

Background
The body image consists of complex patterns of attitudes, thoughts, excitements and behaviors [1], which is in the continuum of body image dissatisfaction [such as dissatisfaction with the shape of the nose] to the disorientation of the physical image [2].
Previous Studies
[3, 4] Several qualitative studies have identified physical satisfaction as the main feature of a positive physical image [5]. ... [6-12]. The findings indicated behavioral inhibition in people with BDD, but studies in this area have often been performed on small clinical groups with BDD disorder [13]. Research report the relationship between obsessive beliefs and self-control, mental review, and re-evaluation [14]. ... [15, 16]. The study by Lowell et al. [17] also suggested the relationship between obsessive beliefs including beliefs about the importance of their thoughts and their control, lack of tolerance for defect of perfectionism, and excessive estimation of incidents and accountability with body biases [17].
Aim(s)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of activation and inhibition systems on physical satisfaction based on mediating role of obsessive beliefs in students.
Research type
This research is descriptive-correlative and cross-sectional.
Research society, place and time
The statistical population consisted of students at Bu-Ali Sina University.
Sampling method and number
358 students from Bouali Sina University were selected based on multi-stage random cluster sampling from faculties and students (daily, night and semi-attendance courses). The choice of subjects was based on the Cohen table, which has two criteria of effect size and significance level. In the first step, seven colleges were randomly selected, and from each college, eight classes were chosen and the research data were collected from the students in these classes.
Used devices&materials
... [18, 19]. The research instrument consisted of Reinforcement Stress Questionnaire (RSQ), obsessive-compulsive beliefs questionnaire and physical fitness questionnaire. Reinforcement Stress Questionnaire (RSQ): this questionnaire consists of five subscales including Behavioral Activation System (BAS), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Warfare, escaping and Freezing, and their Cronbach's Alpha coefficients were 0.86, 0.87, 0.82, 0.69 and 0.87 respectively, which indicates the internal consistency of the questionnaire [20]. Obsessive-beliefs questionnaire: This questionnaire consists of 20 items and four sub-scales of five separate elements, each of which assesses the four main beliefs of threat, responsibility, importance of thoughts and perfectionism. Items are based on the seven-pointed Likert scale from totally agree (7) to totally disagree (1). Cronbach's alpha coefficients have been obtained in various studies between 0.79 and 0.83, indicating an optimal internal consistency [21]. Physical Satisfaction Questionnaire: This questionnaire contains 10 items and is graded according to the 5-point Likert spectrum from never before [1] to always. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of this scale was 96% in men and women [22]. In order to collect the research data, the researcher attended among the final participants of the research. After explaining the implementation process, the questionnaires of Sensitivity to Reinforcement, Obsessive Beliefs and Physical Satisfaction was distributed among the participants to answer. During the data collection, the researcher was active in responding to ambiguous questions by preventing accidental responses. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software and descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and path analysis using LaserL 8.8.
Findings by Text
The participants of the study were 358 students from different fields of literature and humanities, engineering, economics, medicine and basic sciences. The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 20.01and 1. 57 for boys and 21.29 and 1.66 for girls. The number of married students was 58 (16.2%) and single students were 300 (83.8%). In Table 1, the mean and standard deviation of the variables of sensitivity to reinforcement, obsessive beliefs, and physical satisfaction are included. There was a significant positive correlation between behavioral activation system and most components of obsessive beliefs (P <0.05) and physical satisfaction (P <0.01). There was a positive correlation between the components of obsessive beliefs (including perfectionism and accountability) with physical satisfaction (P <0.01; Table 2). Figure 1 shows the path coefficients in the causal relationship between the research variables. There was a direct correlation between the activator system and inhibitory with physical satisfaction. There was also a direct relationship between these systems and some of the components of obsessive beliefs. Some obsessive beliefs also had a direct correlation with physical satisfaction (Table 3). The indirect effects of brain / behavioral variables and physical satisfaction in the path analysis model can be seen in Table 4. Regarding the results of Table 4 on the indirect effect of the research variable on physical satisfaction, the direct relationship between the system of behavioral activator and behavioral inhibition with the physical satisfaction, as shown earlier, was disappeared with the advent of obsessive beliefs as a moderating variable. However, the relationship between behavioral activation system and physical satisfaction was significantly increased by adding the mediator of obsessive-perfectionism belief. The X2 / df value was 1.60, which was below 2. Therefore, it showed a good fit of the model. In addition, the SRMR = .02 index of fitness was indicative of the optimal fit of the quadratic model, and the fitting indices CFI = .98 and RMSEA = .04 showed good and acceptable fit of the model. There was a significant difference between women and men in the research variables, so that, except for the behavioral activation system in all other variables, women showed higher scores than men (Table 5).
Main comparison to the similar studies
... [23-31]. The findings of the present study can be seen in line with related theories and previous findings that the behavioral inhibition system is a risk factor for the development of psychological disorders [32], as was shown in the present study that the behavioral inhibitory system is more associated with dissatisfaction with the physical image than behavioral activator system. These findings were also consistent with the study of Hyponimi et al. [33], which states that regardless of the nature of the anxiety agent, the high sensitivity of BIS is associated with unpleasant emotions. In line with Gray's assumptions [6], studies in clinical and non-clinical samples have shown that symptoms of psychological disorder are mainly related to the behavioral inhibitory system (BIS), and there is little relation between these symptoms and the behavioral activator system (BAS) [34].
Suggestions
It is suggested that similar studies be conducted in a comparative perspective on other age groups.
Limitations
Due to the crises experienced by young people today, especially students, they are more prone to experiencing anxiety and other psychological harm, which may be different from that of other demographic groups. Accordingly, in generalizing the findings obtained in the present study to other demographic groups, caution should be observed.
Conclusions
Obsessive beliefs have a significant role in psychological vulnerability compared to sensitivity to reinforcement.
Acknowledgments
Thanks and gratitude to all the students who helped the authors to do research.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Ethical Permissions
No case has been reported from the authors.
Funding Sources
Personal study cost.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file