ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Descriptive & Survey Study

Authors

Taghian   Z. (*)
Azadfada   Sh. (1)
Pour Sultani Zarandi   H (1)






(*) Sport Management Department, Physical Education Faculty, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Management Department, Physical Education Faculty, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Vafadar Boulevard, Shahid Sadoughi Street, Hakimeh's Output, Shahid Babaie Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1651153311
Phone: 02188589658
Fax: 02188303251
zahra.taghian@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  May  10, 2017
Accepted:  August 19, 2017
ePublished:  September 5, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


... [1]. Disability is a natural and social disorder that can be seen in various ways in different societies. Today, with the many advances made in various sciences, it is trying to help these people more and more able to live their lives more independently and without the help of others.

... [2]. Although exercise is commonplace to everyone in daily life, and lack of exercise activities does not disrupt the daily routine, but for the disabled, it is considered an essential and vital part of daily activities, and if not done, , Interruptions and disruptions will lead to recovery or maintenance of the current situation [3]. ... [4-12]. Various models in the discussion of barriers to the participation of sports people can be used, but Crawford's model as a comprehensive model plays an important role in examining the barriers to participation in sports activities. In some studies, this model has been used to examine the barriers to sports participation and have come to different conclusions. Khalilpour expressed structural barriers as one of the important barriers for student participation in sports activities [13]. Najafaghai and Fatahian considered the structural obstacles in sport participation of teachers as important [14]. Pourranjjer et al. reported individual barriers as one of the important barriers to participate in sport [15].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers for the participation of female veterans in sport activities of the Foundation of the Martyrs and Veterans Affairs based on the Crawford hierarchy model.

This applied research is descriptive and conducted in a field and library method.

The statistical population of the study consisted of 1309 veteran women in Iran in 2017.

The sample size was 297 people using Morgan's table. Sampling was done according to different classifications in type of disability and it was simple random method.

The research tool was questionnaire for barriers for participation in physical activity in leisure time according to Crawford's hierarchy model [5]. The questionnaire consists of 40 items and measures three components that include individual factors (17 items), interpersonal factors (6 items) and structural factors (17 items). All questions are evaluated based on the five option Likert scale including "I totally disagree" (with one point), "I disagree" (with 2 points), "I do not have any comment" (with 3 points), "I agree" (with 4 points) and "I totally agree" (With 5 points). Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by faculty members and experts through face and content validity and reliability of the questionnaire was 0.87 based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After preparing the questionnaire, a questionnaire was distributed by visiting the training center for the disabled and veterans with coordination of the Azad University, Tehran North Branch. After collecting the questionnaires, their answers to the questions were studied on the basis of the researcher's conclusion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 software. First, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normal distribution of data, Levin test was used to determine the variance of the participation barriers based on the qualifications and the box test was used for the homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrix of dependent variables. The Friedman test and the Mann-Whitney U were used for rating components, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to rank the barriers for participation based on the qualifications. T-test, was used to test the difference between the means, and one-way analysis of variance analysis was used to examine the barriers for participation based on the type and severity of injury, and the multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the difference between the components based on the degree of education.

The mean age of veterans was 51.27 ± 7.41 years. Also, the highest percentage of injury was 40% and the lowest percentage of injuries was 10% (Table 1).There was a significant difference between the mean score of participation barriers and individual and structural components with the hypothetical score of participation barriers (score 3), and the status of barriers was more severe than the hypothetical conditions (Table 2).The mean score of personal, interpersonal and structural components were 2.38, 1.94 and 1.68, respectively, which showed a significant difference between them (p = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the rating mean of the barriers of participation based on the level of education (p = 0.001), which was the difference between the bachelor's degree with the level of education of less than diploma and between the bachelor and the diploma (Table 3). Individual (F = 4.897) and structural (F = 0.074) barriers were significantly different based on the level of education (p = 0.001; Table 4).There was no significant difference between the barriers for participation based on the type of injury and the severity of the injury (p> 0.05).

Khalilpour [13] found out that the factors inhibiting the participation of physical activity in the leisure time of the College of Technical Sciences of Valiasr girls were in accordance with the Crawford Pyramid model; in this way, structural deterrent factors were the most important factors affecting the participation of people in sports, and then Interpersonal and individual deterrent factors were in the second and third priorities, respectively. Hosseinpoor et al. [16] concluded that structural barriers (facilities), management and planning, and socio-cultural issues are among the most important barriers that by investing in the construction of well-equipped facilities and efficient planning, disabled`s school sports activities can be released. Zarei Moghadas and Tejari [17] concluded that among the staff of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, structural factors are the most important factors affecting their participation in sport, and then individual and interpersonal deterrent factors are in the second and third priorities. Walker et al. [18] found that Chinese students had more personal restrictions than Canadian students in all issues except one. Chinese students have more intrapersonal and interpersonal barriers, while Canadian students have more structural barriers. Despite cultural differences, the confirmation of the model of hierarchical barrier hurdles is found in data from Chinese and Canadian students, which illustrates the overall application of this framework for both cultures. Aminaldine et al. [19] found that more people are limited by structural factors, such as lack of information on available sports facilities, inappropriate sports situations, and inappropriate hours of exercise. Female students experience higher levels of structural and personal obstacles than their counterparts. Concepts of findings are presented to sports officials in order to eliminate these restrictions to some extent and increase the participation of students in sporting activities. Sadeghzadeh and Moghami [20] concluded that the deterrent factors in the order of priority are structural, individual and interpersonal factors, although characteristics such as marital status, age, and the level of education affect all levels of these factors. In this study, the first three factors were evaluated among the participants and those who did not participate in sports activities. Then, the results of this research were compared on the basis of encountering female students with the factors that prevented them from engaging in their favorite activities. ... [21-24].

Non-declared

Non-declared

The barriers for participation in sports activities in veterans of the country are somewhat more severe than the hypothetical conditions. Individual and structural barriers for participation in sports activities are more important than interpersonal barriers. Individual, interpersonal and structural barriers are ranked first to third respectively. Individual and structural barriers for participation in sporting activities vary according to level of education.

Thanks to all the veteran women who helped us with this research.

Non-declared

This article has been approved by the Ethics Committee for Research of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans` Affairs.

Non-declared

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


CITIATION LINKS

[1]Zebardast MA, Sharifian E. An assessment of barriers to participation of Iranian people with spinal cord injury in recreational physical activity. J Sport Manag. 2016;8(3):343-57. [Persian]
[2]PourRanjbar M, Sharifian E, Khodadadi MR. The study of the relationship between barriers to participation in physical activity and leisure activities of the disabled in the south-east of the country. First National Conference on the New Achievements of Physical Education and Sport. Chabahar: Chabahar International University; 2015. [Persian]
[3]Jalali Farahani M. Principles, foundations and objects of disabled sport. Tehran: Sport Sciences Publication (Hatmi); 2011. [Persian]
[4]Mirsafian H. Constraints to participation in physical activity and Sport: A comparative study between Hungarian and Iranian Students [Dissertation] Budapest: Semmelweis University; 2014.
[5] Jackson EL, Crawford DW, Godbey G. Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leis Sci. 1993;15(1):1-11.
[6]Crawford DW, Jackson EL, Godbey G. A hierachical model of leisure constraints. Leis Sci. 1991;13(4):309-20.
[7]Ehsani M, Koozecheian E, Keshkar S. Investigation and analysis of preventive factors and participation of Tehran women in recreational sports activities. Res Sport Sci. 2008;4(17):63-87. [Presian]
[8]Ebrahimi Gh, Behnoei Gadneh. Sociological review of the relationship between leisure time and personal identity among young people of Babolsar city. J Cult Stud Commun. 2009;5(14):127-48. [Persian]
[9] Ehsani M, AzabDaftaran M. Investigating the barriers to the participation of student girls' sports activities at Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch. Olympic. 2003;11(3-4):29-40. [Persian]
[10]Ginis KA, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, LatimerCheung AE, Buchholz AC, Bray SR, Craven BC, et al. Predictors of leisure time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury. Ann Behav Med. 2012;44(1):104-18.
[11]Chow HW, Dong YH. Relationship between participation in leisure activities and constraints on Taiwanese breastfeeding mothers during leisure activities. BMC Public Health. 2013,13:410.
[12]Keshkar S, Ehsani M. Study of inhibited factors importance to participating Tehran Cities Women in Recreations by Emphasizing on Demographics Traits. Women Stud. 2007;5(2):113-34. [Persian]
[13] Khalilpur A. Determining the factors preventing the participation of physical activity in the leisure time of students of the Faculty of Technical Sciences of Vali-e-Asr girls based on the Pearly Crawford model. First National Conference on the Development of Sport Science in Health, Prevention and Heroism. Qazvin: Imam Khomeini International University; 2016. [Persian]
[14]Aghaei N, Fatahian N. The comparative study of barriers of sport participation among athletes and non-athletes’ female teachers in Hamadan, using Crawford hierarchical barriers (case study of female teachers in Hamadan). Res Sport Manag Mot Sport. 2013;2(4):161-74. [Persian]
[15] Pourranjbar M, Keshavarz L, Sharifian E, Farahani A. Participant barriers of Kerman province’s wheel chaired people in recreational activities. J Health Dev. 2014;3(2):175-88. [Persian]
[16]Ardestani A, Tondnevis F, Haj Mirfattah F. Comparison of attitudes of athletes and non-athletes with regard to their social aspect. J Mov Sci Sport. 2003;1(1):1-10. [Persian]
[17]Moghadas Shargh M. Investigating the factors preventing and facilitating participation in sports activities of staff members of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University of Tehran; 2012. [Persian]
[18]Walker GJ, Jackson EL, Deng J. Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and mainland chinese university students. J Leis Res. 2007;39(4):567-90.
[19]Aminuddin Y, Shah P, Parilah M. Sport Participation Constraints of Malaysian University Students. Int J Humanit. 2007; 5(3):189-95. [Persian]
[20] Sadeghzadeh MH, Maghami M. Study and analysis of inhibitory factors of female students for participation in recreational sport activities. 2012;2(4):1245-9. [Persian]
[21]Ghahremani J, Moharamzadeh M, Sa'idi Sh. Investigation barriers of sports participation of woman teachers in three levels of educational in city of Marand. Appl Res Sport Manag. 2013;2(6):57-66. [Persian]
[22]Nazari R, Ehsani M, Hamidi M, Salari M. Development and introduction of the strategic perspective of the General Office of Sports and Youth of Isfahan Province through the David Model. Sport Manag. 2015;6(1):157-72.
[23]Muatmeni A, Hemati A, Moradi. Identification and prioritization of obstacles to women in sporting activities. J Sport Manag Stud. 2014;24:111-30.
[24]Vaez Mousavi SMK, Nasri S, Azerbaijani MA, Mokhtari P. Determining the validity, reliability, and normalization of athletic self-esteem index among athletic students. Res Sport Sci. 2008;5(1):47-60. [Persian]