ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Behnammoghadam   A. (* )
Hashemi   T. (1 )
Birami   M. (1 )
Yarian   S. (2 )






(* ) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Yasouj Branch, Payame- Noor University, Yasouj, Iran
(1 ) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
(2 ) Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Yasouj Branch, Payame- Noor University, Yasouj, Iran

Correspondence

Article History

Received:  November  20, 2013
Accepted:  April 25, 2014
ePublished:  July 20, 2014

BRIEF TEXT


… [1, 2] Physical disabilities might affect marital relationships, negatively [3-7]. Iranian veterans believe that it was a transcendent aim, for the sake of which they fought with enemy. Veterans’ strong religious beliefs help them to solve their own problems and cope with psychiatric tensions [8, 9]. … [10] Religion and religious practices play important roles in emotional intelligence enhancement [11]. Social and emotional educations lead to better social and intrapersonal relations [12-14]. … [15] Among the methods for coping with stress, religious adjustment plays an important role in physical and mental adaptation [16].‏

The role of religion in coping with stress in veterans with spinal cord injuries has been studied [17]. … [18] Coping with problems methods in physically-injured veterans has been investigated [19].

The aim of this study was to compare physically disabled with veterans on marital satisfaction, emotional intelligence, religious beliefs, and coping with stress strategies.

This is a causal-comparative correlational study.

630 male veterans with 50% injury or more together with 750 male physically disabled persons (due to an accident) in Tabriz (Iran) were studied.

Using Morgan’s table, the sample size estimated 280 persons based on the society size. Accordingly, 150 veterans were selected from their society via simple random method. Then, 150 physically disabled persons were selected via purposive method. They were matched based on age, type, and the disability degree.

Shereng Emotional Intelligence, Enrich Marriage Satisfaction, Lazarus-Folkman Coping Strategies, and Serajzadeh Religious Measure questionnaires were used to collect data. Shereng Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire has 33 items and assesses 5 emotional intelligence components including ‘self-motivation’ (7 questions), ‘self-awareness’ (9 questions), ‘self-control’ (7 questions), ‘social awareness’ (6 questions), and ‘social skills’ (5 questions). Every subject takes 6 separate scores, of which 5 scores belong to the components and one score is the total score. The responds are 5-point and sequential. Its validity was confirmed by psychologist experts. In the present study, using Cronbach’s Alpha, its reliability was computed 0.93 (in 60-person sample). The questionnaire’s reliability has been reported 0.63 and it has been normalized [20]. … [21] Enrich Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire (47-question form) has 115 closed questions and 12 scales. It contains ‘ideal distortions’ (8 questions), ‘marital satisfaction’ (13 questions), ‘communication’ (13 questions), and ‘conflict resolution’ (13 questions) sub-scales. Based on Likert’s scale, 5-option scoring was done. In the present study, using Cronbach’s Alpha, its reliability was computed 0.91 (in 60-person sample). In addition, using Cronbach’s Alpha, its reliability has been reported 0.92 (by Mirkheshti) and 0.95 (by Soleimanian). The questionnaire has a good validity with its sub-scales distingushes satisfied and dissatisfied couples [18]. Lazarus-Folkman Coping Strategies Questionnaire assesses 8 problem-focused and emotion-focused coping methods, in which the former includes ‘social support’ (6 questions), ‘responsibility’ (4 questions), ‘planned problem-solving’ (6 questions), and ‘positive reassessing’ (7 questions), and the latter includes ‘confrontation’ (6 questions), ‘avoidance’ (6 questions), ‘escape-shun’ (8 questions), and ‘self-control’ (7 questions). Its validity has been confirmed by some psychologist experts [5, 12]. In the present study, using Cronbach’s Alpha, its reliability was computed 0.92 (in 60-person sample). Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated 0.66 to 0.79, 0.80, and 0.84 by different researchers [22]. Serajzadeh’s Religious Measure Questionnaire has been matched with Islam [22] and it contains 70 sentences evaluating 4 religiosity dimensions including ‘beliefs’, ritualistic and religious practices’, ‘consequences or religious effects’ ‘experience or religious emotions’. Its validity has been confirmed by some doctoral students fully acquainted with Islam through survey. Total reliability of the test has been computed 0.71 and 0.78 by split-half method and Cronbach’s Alpha, respectively [23]. In the present study, using Cronbach’s Alpha, its reliability was computed 0.84 (in 60-person sample). Data were analyzed, using descriptive statistics, inferential statistical tests, and SPSS 19 software. One-way ANOVA Test (in order to compare the questionnaires’ numbers of the groups), Pearson Correlation Test (in order to evaluate correlation between the understudied dimensions), Stepwise Linear Regression (in order to evaluate the predictive ability of each factor on marital satisfaction), and Simultaneous Linear Regression (in order to evaluate the predictive ability of total factors) were used. Logistic Regression was used to determine probability of persons’ belonging to both groups.

There was a significant difference between two groups in ‘marital satisfaction’ level, ‘emotional intelligence’, ‘religious beliefs’, ‘problem-focused coping strategy’, and ‘emotion-focused coping strategy’ scores (Table 1). There was a significant correlation between ‘marital satisfaction’ and ‘emotional intelligence’, ‘religious beliefs’ and ‘problem-focused coping strategy’ and ‘emotion-focused coping strategy’ in veterans group, as well as physically disabled persons group. The correlation between predictive variables (emotional intelligence, religious beliefs, problem-focused coping strategy, and emotion-focused coping strategy) with ‘marital satisfaction’ variable was computed 0.91. These variables predicted 82% of changes in marital satisfaction, significantly. To evaluate predictive ability of each factor, they were successively entered into Stepwise Linear Regression Test. ‘religious beliefs’, ‘emotional intelligence’, ‘emotion-focused coping strategy’, and ‘problem-focused coping strategy’ variables contributed 57%, 9%, 4%, and 2%, respectively to predict marital satisfaction of physically disabled persons. ‘Religious beliefs’ and ‘emotional intelligence’ contributed 94% and 0.04% respectively, to predict veterans’ marital satisfaction. Based upon the results of Logistic Regression, the presented theoretical model explained 49% to 65% of marital satisfaction changes. In addition, ‘emotional intelligence’ (28.6%), ‘problem-focused coping strategy’ (26%), ‘emotion-focused coping strategy’ (9%), and ‘marital satisfaction’ (4%) allocated beneficial priorities in Logistic Regression’s line equation to themselves to predict membership in veterans group, successively. There were 0.75, 0.83, 0.88, and 1.1changes in membership unit in veterans group per each change unit in ‘emotional intelligence’, ‘problem-focused coping strategy’, ‘emotion-focused coping strategy’, and ‘marital satisfaction’, respectively. Sensitivity of the model to diagnosis of veteran was 0.85, for physically disabled persons was 0.83 and in the total subjects was 0.84.

Results of the present study showed better compatibility with disability (more marital satisfaction and fewer mental and social damages) in the veterans, than disabled persons, which is consistent with the results of some other studies [6-8, 24-26]. … [27, 28] Religious beliefs and religious attitudes increase marital satisfaction [29-31]. The veterans use problem-focused coping methods, mostly, which is consistent with results of some other researches [2, 8, 17]. … [32-39]

Non-declared

Of limitations of this study were Lack of a control group composed of physically healthy persons, and only physically disabled persons and veterans’ participation.

Compared to physically disabled persons, the veterans show better compatibility with their own disability, lower mentally and socially damages, and higher marital satisfaction.

The researchers feel grateful to the personnel of Martyrs and Veterans Foundation of East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, as well as the university teachers of Tabriz University.

Non-declared

Non-declared

Martyrs and Veterans Foundation of East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, funded the research.

TABLES and CHARTS

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