ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Alavizadeh   N. (*)
Hejazi   K. (1)
Mabhout Moghadam   T. (2)






(*) Sport Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department of Physical Education & Sport, Faculty of Humanities, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University,Daneshgah Boulvared Zahedan, Iran
Phone: -
Fax: +98 (51) 38829580
alavizade80@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  April  6, 2016
Accepted:  June 11, 2016
ePublished:  January 19, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


Atherosclerosis and its related diseases are the leading causes of death in many countries, and it is important to find predisposing factors [1. 2].

… [3-24]]. Doing exercises with diet are among the factors that improve function of blood vessels by reducing body fat and increasing sensitivity of tissues to insulin [25]. … [26].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on the apelin and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.

This is semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design.

This study was conducted on healthy sedentary men living in the city of Mashhad aged between 20 and 25 years and a body mass index of 20 to 22 kilogram per square meter in 2015.

27 samples were selecting through purposive and convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included being healthy based on questionnaire on health, no use of drugs, non-smoking, and non-participation in any training program at least two months before participating in the training program of the research. If subjects were taking certain medication according to their doctor or doing regular physical activities before starting exercise during two month were excluded from the study. Samples were divided into two experimental (14 subjects) and control (13 subjects) groups.

Level of physical activity in sedentary subjects before and after 8 weeks of aerobic training was examined. Levels of physical activity of the subjects was assessed by Kaiser Physical Activity Survey that the reliability of this questionnaire was 0.87 [27]. The control group had no activity during the period of investigation and were inactive. To assess body composition, the height of the subjects was measured by stadiometer (SECA, Germany) with a sensitivity of 5 mm and the hip and waist circumferences were measured with a tape measure (Mabys, Japan) with a sensitivity of 5 mm. Also, the percentage of body fat and weight was determined using bioelectrical device (Impedance, Model In body-72; South Korea). By dividing the waist circumference to the hip circumference, the waist to hip ratio and by dividing body weight to square of height in meters, the body mass index were calculated. All these measurements were conducted while all the subjects were restrained from eating and drinking four hours before the test and their stomach, bladder and intestine were discharged. Evaluation of the maximum of oxygen consumption was carried out through Bruce protocol treadmill. The method of implementing Bruce test was in 10 three-minute stages. In the first phase, the speed was 74.2 km per hour with a gradient of 10% and each 3 minutes both speed and the gradient of the device was increased to the last stage. The maximum uptake oxygen in the Bruce protocol was calculated using the following equation (T is the maximum time of running in a person on the treadmill). Maximum Oxygen Consumption= 14.8-(1.379xT) + (0.451xT2)-(0.012xT3) Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and 24 hours after the last training sessions. Blood sampling was done in the morning between the hours of 8-10 hours from the left hand vein of each subject in the sitting and resting position in the laboratory. The amount of Apelin serum was determined using ELISA method and kit (Zelbayout; German, with CV<10%). Fasting plasma glucose was measured with glucose oxidase method using a glucose analyzer (Beckman, United States) and the insulin level was, also, determined by ELISA method and by commercial kit (Demeditec, Germany). Insulin resistance index was calculated using the HOMA—IR equation [28] (unit of insulin: micro-unit per milliliter, unit of glucose: mmol per liter): HOMA-IR= Fasting insulin x Fasting glucose/22.5 The exercise protocol was 8 weeks aerobic training that in each week three 60-minute sessions were conducted. Training program included general warm-up for 10 minutes (walking, jogging, stretching and movement) and performing aerobic exercises for 45 to 60 minutes at an intensity of 75 to 85% of maximum heart rate. The duration of the exercise sessions was 30 minutes at the beginning, and it gradually increased to 45 minutes at the end of the treatment. Training intensity was controlled by rate monitor (Polar, Finland). At the end of each exercise session, cooling body and returning to the original state (jogging, walking and stretching) was being performed for 10 minutes [29]. At the end of the project (after 8 weeks), similar to pretest condition, all the measurements were conducted again and the data were collected. At all stages of training, intensity was controlled by self-reporting method [30]. At the end of the executive phase of the study, collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. After confirming the normality of data by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and homogeneity of variance by Levene Test, to compare within group and between group means, dependent and independent T-test were used respectively.

Demographic characteristics of the subjects in the control and experimental groups are shown in Table 1. In the experimental group, 8-week aerobic training program led to a significant reduction in the amount of weight, body mass index, apelin levels, insulin and insulin resistance index and significant increase in the maximum amount of consumed oxygen in sedentary men. Also, there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of levels of fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, and maximal oxygen uptake (Table 2)

… [31-39]. 8 week aerobic training program led to a significant reduction in insulin and insulin resistance levels in sedentary men. The results of the current study in consistent with the findings of Mir et al. [19], Swift et al. [40], and Garcia et al [41]. However the results are inconsistent with the findings of Medeiros et al. [42].

Coaches and sports doctors are recommended to adapt all necessary measures when designing exercises.

Of the limitations of this study, lack of life style controlling (levels of sleep, rest and extra activities), genetic and physiological traits, different adaptations to physical activities, the small number of subjects due to the withdraw of some of them to participate in the study can be mentioned.

8 week aerobic exercise significantly reduces the amount of apelin and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.

All people who helped us in conducting this study are appreciated.

Non-declared

This research was approved in the University Research Ethics Committee. Also, the subjects voluntarily participated in the study and signed a consent form.

This paper reports the results of research project by the code 10995-5-11-14 that has been financially supported by Research and Technology Deputy of Zahedan Islamic Azad University.

TABLES and CHARTS

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