@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):257-263

Background
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β) precipitating cytokines and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) which increase and stimulate vascular endothelial activity, have been introduced as new inflammatory markers and have high accuracy and sensitivity in predicting cardiovascular diseases. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [1-3].
Previous Studies
… [4-12]. In a study, it was found that 30 minutes of daily running on a treadmill for one to three weeks was accompanied by significant decrease in the sICAM values (soluble intercellular adhesion molcecule-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [13, 14]. In addition, another study found that 12 weeks of aerobic training (3 sessions per week) in rats caused a significant decrease in sICAM-1 and IL1β and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines [15]. … [16-28]. A study also found that the use of flax seed oil would reduce the oxidative stress and reduce the risk of inflammation in dialysis patients [29]. In another study, it was shown that flaxen oil had an effect on inflammatory factor of C-reactive agent in obese people and reduced this inflammatory factor [30].
Aim(s)
Regarding the simultaneous effect of exercise and flax seed oil supplementation, only one study was conducted in 2012 and it was found that the simultaneous effect of sport training and supplementation of flaxen oil resulted in a significant decrease in IL1β and TNF-α in rats with ischemic disease [31]. Regarding the physical exercises, also, studies have shown that severity, duration and type of activity are important factors influencing inflammation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of intense periodic exercises and the use of flax seed oil supplementation with different doses on TNF-α and IL1β levels in rats.
Research type
This study is experimental.
Research society, place and time
Wistar rats weighing 324.96±38.19 gr and the age of 18 weeks were studied. The animals were kept at a temperature of 22±2 ° C, humidity of 45-50%, and a 12-hour dark-light cycle, and diet for mice was provided for them (Dairy Animal Feed Behparvar Co. Karaj, Iran). Before conducting the research, rats carried the period of adaptability to the laboratory environment.
Sampling method and number
30 rats were prepared from the animal house of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and they were randomly divided into six groups including: 1) control, 2) exercise, 3) flax seed oil extract at 10mg/kg, 4) flax seed oil extract at dose of 30 mg/kg, 5) exercise with flax seed oil extract of 10 mg/kg, and 6) exercise with flax seed oil extract at a dose of 30 mg/kg [27].
Used devices&materials
To prepare flax seed oil, fresh flax seed was first prepared from Mehriz city of Yazd province. After drying, the oil was extracted and used in doses to be fed to rats. The groups 2, 5 and 6 did the exercises for 10 weeks and each week for five sessions including running with a 90-95% VO2max intensity (maximum oxygen consumption) on the treadmill for rodents on specific time during the day, and meanwhile the control group were placed on a treadmill at a speed of 2m/min for equalizing stress impact for 15 minutes. It should be noted that the HILT practice protocol included three stages of warm up, the body exercise (three intervals) and cooling down. The exercise in warm-up stage was 6 minute running with 50-60% VO2max intensity, the main body phase of 4-minute intense exercise with 90-95% vo2max, and low intense exercise for 2 minutes with 50-60% vo2 max intensity, and the cooling down stage included 6 minutes of 50-60% vo2max intensity. The training protocol lasted up to 72 hours before killing the rats. At the end of the study, the rats were killed and blood samples were taken directly from their hearts. After bleeding, the samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at a speed of 3000rpm with centrifugal machines (Hitachi, Japan). For biochemical analysis and measurement of IL1β and TNF-α, Elisa commercial kits (Koma; Korea) and Elisa Reader (spectera, Austria) were used. All information was reported as mean. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of data and for comparison of serum levels of TNF-α and IL1β in the six groups, one-way ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test were used.
Findings by Text
Serum levels of IL1β (F=3.56; p=0.01) and TNF-α (F=11.54; p=0.001) were significantly different in the six groups of rats that is the IL1β serum levels in the exercise groups (p=0.008), exercise with 10 mg/kg extract (p=0.01), and exercise with 30 mg/kg extract (p=0.001) were significantly lower than the control group, and in the exercise group with 30 mg/kg of the extract, they were significantly lower than flax seed extract group at a dose of 10mg/kg (p=0.01). Also, serum levels of TNF-α in the exercise groups (p=0.03), flax seed oil extract with dose of 30 mg/kg (p=0.02), exercise with flax seed oil extract with dose of 10 mg/kg (p=0.005) and exercise with flax seed oil extract with dose of 30 mg/kg (p=0.001) were significantly lower than the control group. Serum level of TNF-α with the flax seed oil extract at 30 mg/kg were significantly lower than the other groups (p=0.001; Table 1).
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [32-38]. In a study, the effect of 12 weeks training on cytokines activity was studied in 28 patients with coronary artery disease with the mean age of 64.00±7.10 years. The training program included 45 minutes of aerobic training with intensity of 70-80% HRmax for 12 weeks. The results of this study showed that aerobic training significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and CRP [8]. Limited studies have been conducted on the simultaneous effect of HILT exercise and flaxseed supplementation on inflammatory factors. In a single study that was conducted in 2012 and the results of that study are consistent with the present study, it was found that the simultaneous effect of exercise and flax oil supplementation resulted in significant decrease in IL1β and TNF-α levels in ischemic rats [31]. It seems that high levels of these indices in ischemic rats are a reason for the meaningfulness of exercise and nutritional interventions, although the results are consistent with the present study. In general, many physiological and metabolic factors that affect metabolism include lower muscle mass, higher fat, different fat distribution, serum lipid levels, and other factors such as gender, health level, race, diet, weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), exercise intensity, exercise volume, exercise duration, exercise type, number of people, difference in energy expenditure, activity level outside the exercise program, and calorie intake can be effective on the wide range of TNF-α and IL1β inflammatory mediatory responses to the exercise [39, 40]. … [41-48].
Suggestions
It is suggested that intense aerobic exercises and flax seed oil supplementation simultaneously be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease.
Limitations
Among the limitations of this study, lack of measurement of the caloric intake of subjects during exercise and the lack of control of injury of rats during severe aerobic exercises can be mentioned.
Conclusions
10 weeks of intense periodic exercises and flaxseed oil consumption have interactive effects in reducing the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in rats.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the financial and spiritual contribution of the Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch and Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
This research protocol was set based on international law on the protection of laboratory animals and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University.
Funding Sources
This study is taken from PhD. Dissertation of Mr. Younes Khademi approved by Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch with the guidance of Dr. Mohammad Ali Azarbayejani and consultation of Dr. Seyed Ali Hosseini.

TABLES and CHARTS

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