ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Sharifzadeh   M. (1)
Davarinia Motlagh Quchan   A. (2)
Mohamadzadeh Tabrizi   Z. (2)
Navi Nezhad   M. (*1)






(1) Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
(2) Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Paramedic, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Postal Code: 9613883778
Phone: +98 (915) 5759219
Fax: +98 (57) 12238100
mojdemw@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  October  20, 2020
Accepted:  November 30, 2020
ePublished:  March 14, 2021

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-3]. Human coronavirus is one of the most common pathogens causing respiratory infections [4]. The unknown nature of this disease, its rapid spread, and the lack of definitive drugs and vaccines against the disease, have led to the emergence of anxiety among people in most communities [5].

Paying attention to women's health in society is very important, because women's mental and physical health, on the one hand, causes vitality and hope in daily activities, and on the other hand, brings happiness to the next generation [6]. Pregnancy is a very important and sensitive stage in women's lives that due to the direct impact of maternal health on fetal health, the importance of this period becomes much more significant [7]. ... [8-11]. Life expectancy can be described as a healing, multidimensional, dynamic, and powerful factor and can play a significant role in coping with loss. .... [12]. Given the importance of the prevalence of COVID-19 as an infectious disease and the importance of self-care in the prevention of this disease, providing self-care services can be an important achievement for people in the community [10].

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-care e-learning regarding COVID-19 on the life expectancy of pregnant women.

The present study was a clinical trial.

The present study was done from June to September 2020 on 100 pregnant women referring to Shahidan Mobini Hospital in Sabzevar.

A list of subjects was prepared based on the inclusion criteria and eligible pregnant women (140 people) were selected to participate in the study. Using random allocation of blocks (block size was four), the subjects were divided into the intervention and control groups. According to the study by Abedian et al. [13], the type 1 error of 0.05, and test power of 80, the number of samples was estimated to be 45, and considering the 10% probability of attrition, 50 subjects were considered for each group. Cases with no history of depression, alcohol use, or smoking, and those living with their spouse were included in the study. Participants who did not want to continue to participate in the study or those who lost their pregnancies due to unexpected circumstances were excluded from the study.

Two questionnaires were used to collect information: 1- Demographic information questionnaire with 14 questions measuring age, number of pregnancies, level of education, occupation, occupation of the spouse, income level, history of drug use, history of underlying diseases, living with a spouse, death of relatives in recent months for any reason, getting COVID-19, COVID-19 in friends and acquaintances with, and history of smoking; 2. Snyder's Hope Scale (SHS) is a self-assessment tool that was developed by Snyder et al. [14] to measure hope and has 12 items. Kermani et al. through Cronbach's alpha reported the validity of 0.86, 0.77, and 0.79 for the total scale, and aggressive thinking subscales, respectively [15]. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 3 faculty members of the Department of Nursing and Midwifery of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.72. The protocol of this study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. In the beginning, the objectives of the research were explained to the participants and it was ensured that all their information would remain confidential and the results would be presented generally. Both groups first completed the demographic information questionnaire and SHS. The participants of the intervention group received individual training virtually for 20 minutes for 10 weeks, and once every two weeks, 10-minute virtual video training sessions were conducted using the WhatsApp application. Training contents included providing information about COVID-19, personal protection, health messages, motivational messages, and pregnancy and childbirth training. The educational content of each session included introducing and taking the mother's history (clinical symptoms, mental symptoms, general condition of the mother and family members), answering the mother's questions and motivational messages, and the following items, which were stated separately: Session 1: How to prevent and protect the individual; Session 2: Health and nutritional advice during pregnancy and COVID-19; Session 3: Teaching Pregnancy Risk Signs and COVID-19 Danger Signs Training; Session 4: Teaching how to refer and answer questions in case of COVID 19; Session 5: Self-care and education on how to care for other family members in case of COVID-19; Session 6: Mental health and acceptance of the role of father and mother in the pandemic; Session 7: Physiological and common changes in pregnancy; Session 8: the pain of labor and delivery methods and procedures used during the pandemic; Session 9: Postpartum care and essential postpartum referrals in the pandemic period and education of danger signs of this postpartum period; Session 10: training how to care for the baby in cases of developing COVID 19, training of essential referrals in the pandemic, training of baby care in the pandemic in the postpartum period. During the pregnancy, telephone counseling and psychological support were provided by the researcher, and questions were answered. One week after the intervention, the SHS was completed online by both groups. During the training, the control group received routine care, and at the end of the study and answering the questionnaires, the control group received training provided to the intervention group and, if necessary, individual counseling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Quantitative variables were described by descriptive statistics and relative and absolute frequencies were used for qualitative variables. The relationship between variables was assessed by the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative variables with abnormal distribution and the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare qualitative variables in the two groups. The significance level was also considered 0.05.

A total of 84 subjects (40 in the intervention group and 44 in the control group) participated in the study. The mean age of participants in the control group and intervention groups was 27.36±5.88 (18-39 years) and 27.20±5.71 years (18-38 years), respectively. All participants were living with their spouses, and no subject in the two groups had a history of COVID 19. One patient (3.2%) in the control group and 6 patients (15%) in the intervention group had a family member with COVID 19. The Fisher's exact test did not show a significant difference between the two groups (p =0.05). One person in each group reported tobacco use, which was not statistically significant (p=0.001). In general, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of other demographic information (Table 1). The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that according to p <0.05, the distribution of life expectancy score in the groups was abnormal. Before the intervention, the mean life expectancy score was 30.75±4.75 in the control group and 31.65±3.93 in the intervention group (p=0.42). After the intervention, the mean life expectancy score in the control group was 31.36±75.75 and in the intervention group was 34.52±4.81 (p=0.003). Mann-Whitney test showed that the difference between the mean life expectancy before and after the intervention in the control and intervention groups was not significant (p=0.104; Z=-1.62).

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-care e-learning regarding COVID-19 on the life expectancy of pregnant women. The results showed that self-care education for COVID-19 alone did not increase life expectancy in pregnant mothers. Trias et al. in Madrid showed that the COVID-19 pandemic could affect annual life expectancy. The results of other studies also showed that COVID-19 can reduce life expectancy [17, 18]. Rezaian et al. showed that educational interventions increase self-care behaviors [19]. Moradi et al. indicated that remote self-care can improve the prognosis of the mother and fetus in women with gestational diabetes [20]. ... [21, 22].

It is suggested that other methods of data collection, such as interviews be used in future studies.

One of the limitations of the present study is the use of a self-report questionnaire to collect information.

The self-care e-learning regarding COVID-19 is not effective in the life expectancy of pregnant women.

The authors thank the support of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences and all the pregnant women who participated in this study.

None declared.

IR.MEDSAB.REC.1399.052.

This study was supported by the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

TABLES and CHARTS

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