@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):49-55
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):49-55
Prediction of Body Image Dissatisfaction Based on Spiritual Intelligence and Socio-cultural Patterns in Women Attending Gyms in Yazd
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Dehghani Fahimeh (1*)Atarnia Mahboubeh (1)
Alavi Langroudi Seyed Kazem (2)
(1*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
(2) Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranPhone: -
Fax: -
f.dehghani@yazd.ac.ir
Article History
Received: October 6, 2017Accepted: January 7, 2018
ePublished: March 20, 2018
BRIEF TEXT
Body image is a multifactorial concept, which is one of the most fundamental concerns for individuals.
... [1-4].The Safavi et al. (2009) research results conducted in Iran showed that 87% of female students had a negative mental body image [5]. ... [6, 7]. Factors associated with predict body image dissatisfaction can be classified into three biological, psychological and socio-cultural wide groups [8]. One of the risk factors for dissatisfaction with the body that has attracted the most attention is socio-cultural factors [9]. ... [10-14]. The findings of the Dehghani et al. study on adolescent girls in Rasht also showed body image dissatisfaction is influenced by general patterns of the society and athletes [15]. ... [16-23].
We aimed to predict body image dissatisfaction based on spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns in women attending gyms in Yazd, Iran.
This research is a descriptive correlational study.
This study was performed among female residents of Yazd who participated sports classes in 2015. This number was 3,742 subjects, according to the census in 2015.
In this study, the sample size was estimated 351 subjects, according to the Krejcie & Morgan's tables. Using cluster sampling method, 20 clubs were selected from 150 clubs and questionnaires were distributed among people with read and write ability that were available in the club.
The data collection instruments included Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), as well as spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns questionnaires, which were reported by self-report method. The reliability of the BICI was reported 0.93, 0.95, and 0.95 by Cronbach's alpha in a sample of Iranian students, for female, male and all students, respectively [24]. Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Abdollahzadeh et al. in 2008 with 29 items and is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (from totally disagree to totally agree). ... [25,26]. Socio-cultural patterns questionnaire: This questionnaire is one of the most used tools for measuring socio-cultural pressures and internalizing patterns and beauty ideals. Validity of this questionnaire has been confirmed by using construct validity (factor analysis) and its reliability was approved using Cronbach's alpha in Iranian society [27]. One of the researchers referred to the clubs to distribute the questionnaires. Before the distribution of questionnaires, the purpose of the research was explained to the individuals and they would participate in the study if they wished and with the consent. In this research, the collected data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum), Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used for data analysis.
Mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficients of the research variables are presented in Table 1. According to the findings, there was a reverse and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns and dissatisfaction with the body image (P<0.001); in other words, by increasing the score of spiritual intelligence, the rate of impact of socio-cultural patterns and dissatisfaction with body image decreases.To study the main hypothesis of the research, stepwise regression analysis was performed. Prior to using this test, initial analyzes were conducted to ensure no violation of multi-lingual assumptions, normal distribution and independence of the residual values. Also, multicollinearity assumptions were investigated using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the results (1.04) indicated that there was no multiple multicollinearity between predictor variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed the normalization of the data (P<0.05). In addition, Durbin-Watson test was used to check the independence of the residual values or errors and the results confirmed the assumption (DW=1.97). According to the results of Table 2, in the stepwise regression test, the spiritual intelligence variable entered into the model first and explained 64% of the variance of body image dissatisfaction. Also, after considering the socio-cultural patterns variable, the total of two variables explained 65% of variance of body image dissatisfaction. Regarding the R2 changes obtained 1%, which means that socio-cultural patterns explains 1% of the variance of body image dissatisfaction (P <0.001). On the other hand, the results in the second step indicated that spiritual intelligence (β=-0.896) compared with the socio-cultural variable (β=-0.144) is a more significant predictor for body image dissatisfaction (P<0.001).
In addition, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of other studies, including Jafari & Ismaili [22], Jacobs-Pilipski et al. [20] and Zhang [21] studies. A review study of the 22 studies in 2015 on the role of religion and spirituality on the body image concern also confirms this relationship [19]. ... [28-30]. The other finding of the present study suggests that socio-cultural patterns play a role in predicting body image dissatisfaction, which is consistent with the Dehghani et al. findings in a research on high school girls as well as the results of Frederick et al. study on student in the US and Midlarsky et al. study on women aged 69-45 [15, 30, 31]. A review by Slevec & Tiggemann in 2011 also revealed socio-cultural influences as factors affecting body image dissatisfaction in women [8].
A survey of effectiveness of spiritual intelligence training sessions to reduce body image dissatisfaction is suggested for future research.
This research is a correlational study and no causal and consequential outcomes can be obtained.
Results showed that spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns play a significant role in the anticipation of body image dissatisfaction. However, the former is a stronger predictor of body image dissatisfaction as compared to the latter.
We would like to thank the participants in the research and all those who helped us in this study.
None declared.
To observe ethical principles, individuals were assured that the information recorded in the questionnaires would be without name and confidential.
The present article is conducted without financial support.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[14]Jackson T, Zheng P, Chen H. Features of objectified body consciousness and sociocultural perspectives as predictors of eating and body image disturbances among young women and men in China. J Gen Stud. 2016;25(5):599-612. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2015.1073144
[15]Dehghani M, Chehrzad MM, Jafari Asl M. Investigating the relationship between satisfaction from body image and socio cultural patterns among female adolescents in Rasht city. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul. 2012;20(3):26-36. [Persian]
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[18]Emami Z, Molavi H, Kalantari M. Path analysis of the effect of spiritual and moral intelligence on self-actualization and life satisfaction in the old aged in Isfahan. Knowl Res Appl Psychol. 2014;15(56):4-13. [Persian]
[19]Akrawi D, Bartrop R, Potter U, Touyz S. Religiosity, spirituality in relation to disordered eating and body image concerns: a systematic review. J Eat Disord. 2015;3(1):29. PMID: 26279837 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-015-0064-0
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[23]Littleton HL, Axsom D, Pury CL. Development of the body image concern inventory. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43(2):229-41. PMID: 15629752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.006
[24]Basak Nejad S, Ghafari M. The relationship between body dysmorphic concern and Psychological disorders among university students. J Behav Sci. 2008;1(2):179-87. [Persian]
[25]Abdollahzadeh H, Bagherpoor M, Boojmehrani S, Lotfi M. Spiritual intelligence (concepts, measurement and its applications). Tehran: Psychometrics Publication; 2009. [Persian]
[26]Sánchez-Carracedo D, Barrada JR, López-Guimerà G, Fauquet J, Almenara CA, Trepat E. Analysis of the factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school students through exploratory structural equation modeling. Body Image. 2012;9(1):163-71. PMID: 22088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.002
[27]Mohammadpanah Ardakan A, Kheir-ol-din JB, Yousefi R. Validity of Persian version of socio-cultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-3) using factor analysis. Dermatol Cosmetic. 2014;5(1):22-32. [Persian]
[28]Pahlavanzadeh S, Habibpour Z, Ghasavi Z, Maghsoudi J. Association between body image satisfaction and depression in teenagers. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2004;9(4):41-8. [Persian]
[29]Marashian FS. The relationship of spiritual intelligence, resilience in prediction with body image concern and self-efficacy in female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. Woman Culture J. 2015;7(23):73-89. [Persian]
[30]Frederick DA, Kelly MC, Latner JD, Sandhu G, Tsong Y. Body image and face image in Asian American and white women: examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures. Body Image. 2016;16:113-25. PMID: 26808353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.002
[31]Midlarsky E, Nitzburg G. Eating disorders in middle-aged women. J Gen Psychol. 2008;135(4):393-408. PMID: 18959229 DOI: 10.3200/GENP.135.4.393-408
[2]Benedict C, Philip EJ, Baser RE, Carter J, Schuler TA, Jandorf L, et al. Body image and sexual function in women after treatment for anal and rectal cancer. Psychooncology. 2016;25(3):316-23. PMID: 25974874 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3847
[3]Pujols Y, Seal BN, Meston CM. The association between sexual satisfaction and body image in women. J Sex Med. 2010;7(2 Pt 2):905-16. PMID: 19968771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01604.x
[4]Runfola CD, Von Holle A, Trace SE, Brownley KA, Hofmeier SM, Gagne DA, et al. Body dissatisfaction in women across the lifespan: Results of the UNC‐SELF and gender and body image (GABI) studies. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21(1):52-9. PMID: 22949165 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2201
[5]Safavi M, Mahmoodi M, Roshandel A. Assessment of body image and its relationship with eating disorders among female students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran center branch. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch. 2009;19(2):129-34. [Persian]
[6]Sujoldžić A, De Lucia A. A cross-cultural study of adolescents--BMI, body image and psychological well-being. Coll Antropol. 2007;31(1):123-30. PMID: 17598390
[7]Karazsia BT, Murnen SK, Tylka TL. Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(3):293-320. PMID: 27893220 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000081
[8]Slevec JH, Tiggemann M. Predictors of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in middle-aged women. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(4):515-24. PMID: 21239098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.002
[9]Stice E, Whitenton K. Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: a longitudinal investigation. Dev Psychol. 2002;38(5):669-78. PMID: 12220046
[10]Grogan S. Body image: understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis; 2016.
[11]Hargreaves DA, Tiggemann M. Idealized media images and adolescent body image: Comparing boys and girls. Body Image. 2004;1(4):351-61. PMID: 18089166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002
[12]Haghighatian M, Ansari E, Asgari N. Physical fitness and social factors case of women in Isfahan. Womens Stud. 2012;10(4):159-80. [Persian]
[13]Cafri G, Yamamiya Y, Brannick M, Thompson JK. The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: a meta‐analysis. Clin Psychol. 2005;12(4):421-33. DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.bpi053
[14]Jackson T, Zheng P, Chen H. Features of objectified body consciousness and sociocultural perspectives as predictors of eating and body image disturbances among young women and men in China. J Gen Stud. 2016;25(5):599-612. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2015.1073144
[15]Dehghani M, Chehrzad MM, Jafari Asl M. Investigating the relationship between satisfaction from body image and socio cultural patterns among female adolescents in Rasht city. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul. 2012;20(3):26-36. [Persian]
[16]King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: a definition, model, and measure. Michigan: ProQuest; 2008.
[17]Nasel D. Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence: a consideration of traditional Christianity and new age/individualistic spirituality [Doctoral Dissertation]. Australia: The University of South Australia; 2004.
[18]Emami Z, Molavi H, Kalantari M. Path analysis of the effect of spiritual and moral intelligence on self-actualization and life satisfaction in the old aged in Isfahan. Knowl Res Appl Psychol. 2014;15(56):4-13. [Persian]
[19]Akrawi D, Bartrop R, Potter U, Touyz S. Religiosity, spirituality in relation to disordered eating and body image concerns: a systematic review. J Eat Disord. 2015;3(1):29. PMID: 26279837 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-015-0064-0
[20]Jacobs-Pilipski MJ, Winzelberg A, Wilfley DE, Bryson SW, Taylor CB. Spirituality among young women at risk for eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2005;6(4):293-300. PMID: 16257802 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.03.003
[21]Zhang KC. What I look like: College women, body image, and spirituality. J Relig Health. 2013;52(4):1240-52. PMID: 22258734 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9566-0
[22]Jafari F, Esmaeili S. Comparison of relation between body image and spiritual intelligence among male and female students. Trends Life Sci. 2015;4(2):24-32.
[23]Littleton HL, Axsom D, Pury CL. Development of the body image concern inventory. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43(2):229-41. PMID: 15629752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.006
[24]Basak Nejad S, Ghafari M. The relationship between body dysmorphic concern and Psychological disorders among university students. J Behav Sci. 2008;1(2):179-87. [Persian]
[25]Abdollahzadeh H, Bagherpoor M, Boojmehrani S, Lotfi M. Spiritual intelligence (concepts, measurement and its applications). Tehran: Psychometrics Publication; 2009. [Persian]
[26]Sánchez-Carracedo D, Barrada JR, López-Guimerà G, Fauquet J, Almenara CA, Trepat E. Analysis of the factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school students through exploratory structural equation modeling. Body Image. 2012;9(1):163-71. PMID: 22088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.002
[27]Mohammadpanah Ardakan A, Kheir-ol-din JB, Yousefi R. Validity of Persian version of socio-cultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-3) using factor analysis. Dermatol Cosmetic. 2014;5(1):22-32. [Persian]
[28]Pahlavanzadeh S, Habibpour Z, Ghasavi Z, Maghsoudi J. Association between body image satisfaction and depression in teenagers. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2004;9(4):41-8. [Persian]
[29]Marashian FS. The relationship of spiritual intelligence, resilience in prediction with body image concern and self-efficacy in female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. Woman Culture J. 2015;7(23):73-89. [Persian]
[30]Frederick DA, Kelly MC, Latner JD, Sandhu G, Tsong Y. Body image and face image in Asian American and white women: examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures. Body Image. 2016;16:113-25. PMID: 26808353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.002
[31]Midlarsky E, Nitzburg G. Eating disorders in middle-aged women. J Gen Psychol. 2008;135(4):393-408. PMID: 18959229 DOI: 10.3200/GENP.135.4.393-408