ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Dehghani   Fahimeh (1*)
Atarnia   Mahboubeh (1)
Alavi Langroudi   Seyed Kazem (2)






(1*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
(2) Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
Phone: -
Fax: -
f.dehghani@yazd.ac.ir

Article History

Received:  October  6, 2017
Accepted:  January 7, 2018
ePublished:  March 20, 2018

BRIEF TEXT


Body image is a multifactorial concept, which is one of the most fundamental concerns for individuals.

... [1-4].The Safavi et al. (2009) research results conducted in Iran showed that 87% of female students had a negative mental body image [5]. ... [6, 7]. Factors associated with predict body image dissatisfaction can be classified into three biological, psychological and socio-cultural wide groups [8]. One of the risk factors for dissatisfaction with the body that has attracted the most attention is socio-cultural factors [9]. ... [10-14]. The findings of the Dehghani et al. study on adolescent girls in Rasht also showed body image dissatisfaction is influenced by general patterns of the society and athletes [15]. ... [16-23].

We aimed to predict body image dissatisfaction based on spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns in women attending gyms in Yazd, Iran.

This research is a descriptive correlational study.

This study was performed among female residents of Yazd who participated sports classes in 2015. This number was 3,742 subjects, according to the census in 2015.

In this study, the sample size was estimated 351 subjects, according to the Krejcie & Morgan's tables. Using cluster sampling method, 20 clubs were selected from 150 clubs and questionnaires were distributed among people with read and write ability that were available in the club.

The data collection instruments included Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), as well as spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns questionnaires, which were reported by self-report method. The reliability of the BICI was reported 0.93, 0.95, and 0.95 by Cronbach's alpha in a sample of Iranian students, for female, male and all students, respectively [24]. Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Abdollahzadeh et al. in 2008 with 29 items and is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (from totally disagree to totally agree). ... [25,26]. Socio-cultural patterns questionnaire: This questionnaire is one of the most used tools for measuring socio-cultural pressures and internalizing patterns and beauty ideals. Validity of this questionnaire has been confirmed by using construct validity (factor analysis) and its reliability was approved using Cronbach's alpha in Iranian society [27]. One of the researchers referred to the clubs to distribute the questionnaires. Before the distribution of questionnaires, the purpose of the research was explained to the individuals and they would participate in the study if they wished and with the consent. In this research, the collected data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum), Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used for data analysis.

Mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficients of the research variables are presented in Table 1. According to the findings, there was a reverse and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns and dissatisfaction with the body image (P<0.001); in other words, by increasing the score of spiritual intelligence, the rate of impact of socio-cultural patterns and dissatisfaction with body image decreases.To study the main hypothesis of the research, stepwise regression analysis was performed. Prior to using this test, initial analyzes were conducted to ensure no violation of multi-lingual assumptions, normal distribution and independence of the residual values. Also, multicollinearity assumptions were investigated using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the results (1.04) indicated that there was no multiple multicollinearity between predictor variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed the normalization of the data (P<0.05). In addition, Durbin-Watson test was used to check the independence of the residual values or errors and the results confirmed the assumption (DW=1.97). According to the results of Table 2, in the stepwise regression test, the spiritual intelligence variable entered into the model first and explained 64% of the variance of body image dissatisfaction. Also, after considering the socio-cultural patterns variable, the total of two variables explained 65% of variance of body image dissatisfaction. Regarding the R2 changes obtained 1%, which means that socio-cultural patterns explains 1% of the variance of body image dissatisfaction (P <0.001). On the other hand, the results in the second step indicated that spiritual intelligence (β=-0.896) compared with the socio-cultural variable (β=-0.144) is a more significant predictor for body image dissatisfaction (P<0.001).

In addition, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of other studies, including Jafari & Ismaili [22], Jacobs-Pilipski et al. [20] and Zhang [21] studies. A review study of the 22 studies in 2015 on the role of religion and spirituality on the body image concern also confirms this relationship [19]. ... [28-30]. The other finding of the present study suggests that socio-cultural patterns play a role in predicting body image dissatisfaction, which is consistent with the Dehghani et al. findings in a research on high school girls as well as the results of Frederick et al. study on student in the US and Midlarsky et al. study on women aged 69-45 [15, 30, 31]. A review by Slevec & Tiggemann in 2011 also revealed socio-cultural influences as factors affecting body image dissatisfaction in women [8].

A survey of effectiveness of spiritual intelligence training sessions to reduce body image dissatisfaction is suggested for future research.

This research is a correlational study and no causal and consequential outcomes can be obtained.

Results showed that spiritual intelligence and socio-cultural patterns play a significant role in the anticipation of body image dissatisfaction. However, the former is a stronger predictor of body image dissatisfaction as compared to the latter.

We would like to thank the participants in the research and all those who helped us in this study.

None declared.

To observe ethical principles, individuals were assured that the information recorded in the questionnaires would be without name and confidential.

The present article is conducted without financial support.

TABLES and CHARTS

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