@2024 Afarand., IRAN

---

ISSN: 0000-0000    Iranian Journal of Isaar Studies 2017;1(3):107-113

Background
One of the applications of psychology in today's world is the application of the principles of psychology to finding new ways of life and preventing personal, familial, occupational and social problems [1]. One of the basic concepts in the positive psychology movement, which is itself one of the new branches of psychology, is happiness and hope [2].
Previous Studies
.... [3-6]. Hope is considered as one of the sources of human coping in adapting to the problems and even severe illnesses [2]. According to Snyder et al., Hope consists of a set of conditions, that is, possessing valuable personal goals and perceiving the ability to generate strategies in pursuit of goals. According to Snyder, hope is a type of intellectual process with two components of the thinking of the agent (target intentions) and paths (targeted designs), both of which shape and determine the amount of hope, necessary and conducive to fitness and physical and mental health through targeted behaviors. The paths are the cognitive component of hope and represents the individual's ability to create reasonable ways to achieve the goals. Factor thinking is a motivational component of hope and reflects a personal perception of the ability to attain the goals of the past, present and future. The agent's thinking is the belief in the fact that one can move and achieve through hypothetical ways to a certain goal, especially when confronting obstacles, the agent's thinking is to set up the incentive to walk on other paths [6]. ... [7]. Happiness is one of the six great excitements: surprise, fear, anger, happiness, hatred and anxiety [8]. Happiness means being in a state of happiness, a host of positive emotions, a satisfaction from one's life, and a lack of depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions. ... [11-14]. According to the World Health Organization, life skills means having some skills and attributes in individuals that improve their quality of life. More precisely, achieving self-awareness, having ability to solve a problem, creative thinking, critical thinking, good interpersonal relationships, decision-making power, power of coping with pressure, and feeling of sympathy and empathy with others [16]. .... [17, 18]. Life skills training programs are one of the applications of psychology in various personal and social fields, aimed at promoting mental and physical health and preventing mental, physical and social harm [1]. Shirkund et al. [2] have shown that life skills training has been effective on the happiness and hope of patients with type 2 diabetes. Aghili and Ghasemi [19] in their research have shown that life skills training (self-awareness, anger control, effective communication, and efficiency) was effective on the adaptation of high school and college female students in Golestan province. Khalatbari and Azizzadeh Haghighi [20] have shown that life skills training significantly increases mental health in students. Salemian et al. [21] found that life skills training have been effective in increasing the happiness and self-esteem of 25-75% of veterans' wives in Minoodasht City. ... [22-25].
Aim(s)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of life skills training (perception of problem solving and decision making) on hope and happiness of martyrs and warriors` children.
Research type
The present applied research is a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test design with control group.
Research society, place and time
The present study was conducted among all martyrs` and warriors` children in Tehran during 2015-2016.
Sampling method and number
Based on the statistics of the Foundation of the Martyrs and Veterans` Affairs in Tehran, there were 125498 (60430 women and 64068 male) children of martyrs and warriors, among whom 40 were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (Each group has 20 people).
Used devices&materials
.... [26, 27]. In order to collect data, standardized Oxford Happiness Questionnaire [14, 28-30] and Miller standardized questionnaire of hope [31] were used. At first, the Happiness and Hope Questionnaire was completed as a pre-test by both groups. Then, the experimental group, received 2 weeks of life skills training (perceived problem solving and decision making) in 11 one-hour sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention (Table 1). After completing the training, again, the two groups of control and experiment completed the questionnaires of hope and happiness. Data were analyzed using SPSS 15 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normal distribution of data and multivariate analysis of variance analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to examine the effect of life skills training on two variables of happiness and hope and one-way covariance analysis was used separately to examine the effect of education on hope and happiness separately.
Findings by Text
The mean age of respondents was 38.22±8.76 years (Table 2).In the post-test stage, the mean scores of happiness and hopefulness variables were increased, which was significantly higher in the happiness variable than the control group (F=4.534, P = 0.006), but there was not a significant difference between the two groups in terms of hope and hope (F=0.246; p = 0.864; Table 3).
Main comparison to the similar studies
The results of this study in relation to happiness variable was consistent with the findings of Shirkvand et al. [2], Sajedi et al. [18], Tatel [22], Khalatbari and Azizzadeh Haghighi [20], Jabbarzadeh Ghashlagh and Bazazian [32], and Abbasi et al. [10]. They also concluded that life skills training increased happiness, reduced management of negative emotions, including stress and psychological stress, increased emotional excitement such as self-esteem, self-expression, resilience, mental health, and quality of life in individuals. Is. Finally, the results of this study in relation to the hopefulness variable were not consistent with the research by Shirkvand et al. [2], because they have achieved the effect of life skills training on improving decision making.
Suggestions
It is suggested that for the future research, the subject matter of the present study should be done for the statistical society of non-martyrs `and non-warriors` children, and its results should be compared with the results of this study. Considering the fact that the present study focuses on two areas of life skills, namely problem solving and decision making, it is suggested that the effects of other types of life skills training on the hope and happiness of the statistical population of the martyrs` and veterans` children should be studied. It is suggested that the effect of life skills training be studied on improving the quality of interpersonal relationships of martyrs` and warriors` children. Finally, it is suggested that the effect of life skills training on other psychological aspects in the target population also be studied.
Limitations
Each research has some barriers and limitations to which some of them are referred; the first limitation of the research was to select the research samples and satisfy them to engage in the process of life skills training, with the explanation we were able to persuade the sample members to participate in the process of education. The second limitation, and perhaps the most important of all, was that after the training process, sometime had to be passed after the training period so that people under training can apply life skills learned in their lives and then undergo a post-test process. Also, according to the semi-experimental method, the results can be cautiously generalized to the larger statistical society and other statistical societies.
Conclusions
Life skills training (perception of problem solving and decision making) is effective on increasing the happiness of martyrs` and warriors` children, but it does not increase the hope.
Acknowledgments
Non-declared
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
Non-declared
Funding Sources
Non-declared

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file