@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(1):27-35

Background
Nowadays, with the importance of a patient-based approach in clinical decision-making, the quality of life associated with oral health in dentistry has been more considered.
Previous Studies
... [1-7]. Along with the civilization of human life, dentoskeletal Malocclusion in Orthodontics known as malocclusion, like other disorders, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes has been increased. ... [8-15]. In recent years, several factors have been used to determine the need for orthodontic treatment. The need for orthodontic treatment factor is a malocclusion-based scoring system widely used in studies for the actual assessment and perceiving needs of orthodontic treatment [16]. In this regard, the Shaw et al. results suggested that the psychosocial complications of unacceptable appearance can be as much or even greater than biological ones [9]. However, in a study by Kragt et al., it was found that malocclusion had no significant effect on psychosocial complications. On the other hand, the effects of malocclusion vary in age and gender. In other words, it depends on age and sex [17]. ... [18-20].
Aim(s)
The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among male high school students in Ahvaz, Iran.
Research type
This research is an analytical- descriptive (cross-sectional) study.
Research society, place and time
The study population was the male high school students (14-18 years) in academic year 2016-17.
Sampling method and number
The sample size was determined 200 subjects using a formula, of whom some students were excluded from the research and finally, 192 students were examined. The schools and students were selected by randomized cluster sampling among the schools of four districts of Ahwaz. A school was selected randomly from each district. The inclusion criteria included those who had not received any orthodontic treatment prior the study or were not under orthodontic treatment through the study as well as those with in permanent teeth stage. The subjects with physical or mental disability and those in mixed dentition stage were excluded from the study.
Used devices&materials
Examination was done using mirror, abaisse-langue, disposable gloves and metal chips to measure the sizes in millimeter. Data collection tools included demographic information scale (age, ethnicity, occupation and parents’ education, family status, general health status and oral health), Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) questionnaire, and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). OIDP questionnaire: it is an 8-item scale that measures mental, physical and social dimensions of life [8, 9]. The items include the effect of oral health on eating, talking clearly, brushing teeth or dentures, Performing light physical activities, such as housekeeping, smiling and showing teeth without discomfort and embarrassment, sleeping and resting, enjoying communication, work-related activities and emotional situations, such as easily getting annoyed [20]. ... [21]. IOTN Index: This tool contains various criteria for the IOTN Index. The IOTN dental health component is composed of five scores that score 1 and 2 are no need or minimum need for treatment, grade 3 shows the borderline need, and scores 4 and 5 show a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Aesthetic component (AC) of IOTN consists of a scale of ten colour photographs, in which scores 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate no or minimum need for treatment, scores 5, 6 and 7 shows the borderline need and the scores 8, 9 and 10 represent the definite need for treatment [6]. The students were classified in the three groups of treatment based on the dental health component of the IOTN. Accordingly, the students who scored 1 or 2 had a minimum need for treatment; those who scored 3 had borderline need for treatment; and students who scored 4 or 5 had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. 10 color photographs of the AC of IOTN then were shown for the subjects and they were asked to choose the most similar photo to their dental system. The AC was determined and recorded according to the examiner opinion. The subjects were informed about the research objectives and the confidentiality of data and the voluntary participation in the study. The informed consent was signed by the participants’ parents and the samples were inspected in a room with adequate light. The examinations were done by a dentist in a room with adequate light and it was tried as much as possible to ensure for the same examination condition for all subjects. Spearman's correlation test was used to determine the correlation coefficient of variables and one-way ANOVA was applied to compare the mean of quality of life scores in terms of malocclusion types. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software.
Findings by Text
The demographic characteristics of the studied subjects are presented in Table 1. The total mean score of quality of life of participants was 6.48±19.47 and in general, oral health of 26.6% of the samples was effective in their quality of life. Oral health more affected smiling (15.6%) followed by emotional situations (9.9%) (Table 2). Occlusion status of the samples according to the IOTN scale showed that 51.1% of the participants had no or minimum need for orthodontic treatment based on dental health index. The relationship between quality of life and the occlusion status of the samples showed that the mean score of quality of life in students who according to the DHC component had definite need for orthodontic treatment was higher than other groups, which mean that they are less satisfied with life. This correlation was not statistically significant using one-way ANOVA (p=0.132; Table 3). According to the students, 90.1% of them had no or minimum need for orthodontic treatment. According to the students and the dentist, most of the students (94.3%) had no or minimum need for orthodontic treatment. On the other hand, the average score of quality of life in those who had borderline need for orthodontic treatment based on AC was higher than other groups. The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups (p<0.05; Table 4).
Main comparison to the similar studies
Nagarajappa et al. found that 60% of 17-24-year old students in India over the past six months had at least one impact of oral health on their daily activities. In this study, the mean OIDP score was 2.49±3.92. In addition, the most affected activities were tooth brushing (24%) and eating (12%) [22]. ... [23]. In Miguel et al. study on 1182 twenty-year-old Brazilian children reported 26% need for orthodontic treatment based on IOTN [24]. ... [25-27]. Similar to the present study, Fayzbakhsh et al. in their study on the AC index, different values with DHC were obtained based on students view for their need for treatment. Accordingly, no or minimum need for treatment was 76.5%, borderline need was 15.2% and the definite need was obtained 8.3%, which means that in this study, the need for treatment based on the AC index was less than DHC [28]. ... [29-31]. The results of Yetkiner et al. showed that the need for orthodontic treatment has no significant effect on the oral health and self-esteem-based quality of life in primary school children in Turkey [32]. Moreover, in a study by Bianco et al., there was a significant relationship between the AC of IOTN index according to the dentist's opinion and the Child-OIDP index [33], which is consistent with the findings of this study. ... [34].
Suggestions
Prospective cohort studies are more suggested.
Limitations
The study population was limited to the studied Ahwaz schools, so the results should be interpreted cautiously.
Conclusions
In 26.6% of the samples, the oral health is effective on the quality of life or at least one of their daily activities. In this regard, the most affected activity by oral health is smiling (15.6%) followed by emotional situations (9.9%).
Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest
None declared.
Ethical Permissions
This research (Ethics code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1396.355) was approved by the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.
Funding Sources
This study (study ID: GP95160) is extracted from a Ph.D. thesis in Dentistry and was supported by the Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

TABLES and CHARTS

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