ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Habibian   M. (*)
Monavari   M. (1)






(*) Sports Sciences Department, Humanities Faculty, Qaemshahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahar, Iran
(1) Sports Sciences Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari , Iran

Correspondence

Address: Humanities Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Allameh Tabarsi Street, Qaemshahar, Iran. Postal Code: 475161964
Phone: +98 (11) 42155025
Fax: +98 (11) 42155117
habibian_m@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  May  2, 2016
Accepted:  January 16, 2017
ePublished:  March 25, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


… [1-3]. Increasing homocysteine is independently linked to the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and the reduction of homocysteine levels is associated with a reduction in the number of heart attacks and stroke [4]. … [5-9].

[10]. Acute and chronic sport activities are stressors that may result in the expression of heat shock proteins. HSP72 (Heat Shock Protein 72) is an inducible form of the thermal shock proteins of molecular weight of 70 kDa and is induced in various tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscles [11], so that the positive regulation of HSP72 expression has been observed after long-term exercise [12]. The duration and intensity of exercise seems to effect the response of HSP72 [13]. … [14-18].

The purpose of this study was to compare the response of homocysteine and HSP72 following two continuous acute exercise method with moderate intensity and high intensive interval method in sedentary women.

This is a semi-experimental study.

This study was conducted in 2014 among female students of Azad University, Sari Branch.

20 subjects were selected using convenience sampling method.

After examining the physician, in order to select the homogenous samples, the weight and height, fat percentage, and body mass as well as Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) were measured. Exercise program: the maximal oxygen consumption of the subjects was determined using the Bruce and Pulak Formula (maximal oxygen consumption=4.38x the time of activity-3.9). The body fat percentage was also determined by measuring the skin-fold thickness in the branchial trench, upper and right thigh and the Jackson-Pollack triangular equation and body density (Siri equation) [19]. Continuous group performed a moderate intensity training session, including 10 minutes of warming up (with stretching and 5 minute running, walking and soft running on the treadmill) and 40 minutes of running at 60 to 65% of the maximal oxygen consumption on the treadmill. Subjects in the high intensive interval group also had a training session including 10 minutes of warming (5 minutes of stretching, and 5 minutes of running and soft running on the treadmill) 36 minutes of the main training session in the alternative set from one minute running at 90-95% maximal oxygen consumption to 3 minute running with intensity of 50% of the maximal oxygen consumption [18, 20]. Also, all subjects were in their luteal phase of their menstruation and their heart rate was controlled using heart rate monitor (Polar; Finland). The participants` maximal heart rate was calculated using “220-Age” formula. Blood sampling and biochemical analysis: after 12 hours of fasting overnight, in the three previous stages (after 30 minutes of rest in laboratory), immediately and 60 minutes after both exercises (in the case of inactive recovery), the blood samples were collected from the left ventricle in the sitting and rest position at 8 to 11 am (5cc). Then the samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm for serum separation and the serum was poured into micro tube and was frozen at -80 °C. The homocysteine and HSP72 levels were measured by ELISA and according to the manufacturers` instruction, they were measured using the “human homocysteine ELISA” and “human thermal shock protein 72 ELISA” respectively (CusaBio; USA) … [20]. Statistical analysis: Shaprio-Wilk & Levine tests were used respectively to determine the normal distribution of data and uniformity of variance. The comparison of intra-group differences was done using repeated measure ANOVA and LSD post hoc test and the differences between groups were measured using independent t-test. Data analysis was done using SPSS 20 software.

There was no significant difference between the anthropometric characteristics of the subjects in the two groups (p>0.05; Table 1). The time factor (before, immediately and after one hour of exercise) had a significant effect on homocysteine and HSP72 levels in sedentary women (p˂0.0001). In the intragroup study, homocysteine levels increased significantly immediately after both continuous (p=0.0001) and interval (p=0.020) exercises compared with basal levels (7.43% and 9.52% respectively), and an hour after exercise, it decreased 6.83% in the continuous group (p=0.004) and 6.41% in the interval group (p=0.128) and it became close to the baseline before the exercise. Levels of HSP27 immediately after both continuous and interval exercises were significantly increased compared to the baseline (214.81% and 176.92% respectively), and it was decreased significantly after an hour of exercise (45.88% and 44.66% respectively; p=0.0001). However, despite this decrease, HSP72 levels remained above baseline in the both groups (70.37% and 61.53% respectively; p=0.0001). No significant difference was observed between homocysteine and HSP72 levels in the continuous and interval groups in baseline, immediately after exercise and an hour after exercise (p˂0.05; Table 2).

… [21-26]. Acute exercise maybe associated with an increase in homocysteine levels in athletes and non-athletes. This increase may depend on the intensity of exercise for the subjects. Researchers have shown that with sporting activity, the need to several methylated compounds (such as acetylcholine, epinephrine, creatinine, creatine and DNA) is increased and together with the methylation reactions, enough stimulation to metabolize methionine is done resulting in the production of homocysteine. For example, the association of changes in the concentration of homocysteine induced by exercise with plasma keratin changes has been confirmed [27]. If this induction is over-defined, it may lead to a disorder in the stable state between synthesis and degradation of homocysteine (by remethylation and sulfurization) and it leads to disorder to promote homocysteine synthesis [24, 25]. … [27-32]. Both acute exercises in this research resulted in similar increase in HSP72 levels immediately and an hour after recovery. Although the precise mechanisms for increasing HSP72 levels after acute activity is not fully understood, this increase is suggested as an effective way for protecting body from stressful exercise [33]. … [34]. Although the tissue source and origin of the increase in HSP72 level in blood from exercise is not clear, the original source of blood HSP72 release is not only injured muscle and may be released from other tissues such as the liver, heart, and leukocytes [35]. … [36, 37}.

It is suggested that future research be conducted with different training protocols and with more male and female subjects.

From the limitations of this study, lack of in-depth examination and control of activity level, sleep and diet of subjects in 24 hours before the exercise protocol, the lack of similar response of subjects to a sport training session due to differences in genetic and physiological characteristics , as well as the use of two types of exercises in the treadmill. Additionally, the shortage of subjects that leads to a reduction in statistical power and the use of female subjects in this protocol were the other limitations of this study.

Both continuous acute exercise with moderate intensity and high intensive interval exercises are associated with the increasing homocysteine and HSP72 levels in sedentary young women that an hour after both acute exercises the levels of both indices are increased. However, HSP72 levels remain significantly higher than the basal levels.

Thanks and appreciation to all colleagues and students who helped us in this research.

There is no conflicts of interests.

Subjects completed the written consent and declared their willingness to participate in the study.

This article is derived from the master`s thesis and it is without the financial support of any institutional resources.

TABLES and CHARTS

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