@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):105-115
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):105-115
Comparative Study of Sustainable Development of Nomadic Areas from Legal Rules and Development Programs Perspective before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Pakrah M. (1)Poorhashemi SA (*1)
Parvin MR (2)
(1) Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Shohadae Hesarak Boulevard, Daneshgah Square, End of Shahid Sattari Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1477893855Phone: +98 (21) 88253582
Fax: +98 (21) 88252213
ahashemy@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: April 27, 2020Accepted: May 20, 2020
ePublished: May 23, 2020
BRIEF TEXT
Despite the undeniable importance of the nomads in Iran, they have undergone various transformations in their lives. However, the changes were far more severe during the last century.
Considering nomads' less population, their products are much higher than rural and urban communities, but they have not developed as much as two other communities mainly due to their moving lifestyle [SCI, 2019]. Islamic revolution has shifted the attitudes toward development, poverty curtailing, provision of services, and guided and guaranteed accommodation programs, which have been beneficial. However, such efforts could not organize the previous trend and have not made nomads' lives and livelihood sustainable [Tavakoli & Ziatavana, 2009]. There are just a few articles mentioning nomads' life quality and sustainable development indices in Iran. Noroozi & Mahmoodian (2015) assessed the historical changes in nomads' social life features in Iran. Moreover, Safinejad (2004) identified Iran's tribes and their location in the country, and Nosrat & Miraj (2011) classified the nomads through an academic research project. Tavakoli & Ziatavana (2009) analyzed the economic situation of nomads in Iran.
This study aimed to analyze the sustainable development in Iran's nomadic areas in terms of the approved laws before and after the Islamic revolution and do a comparative comparison.
This is an in-depth descriptive-analytical research.
The current research is done on nomads' communities in Iran in two periods before the revolution (1951-1979) and after that (1979-2019).
The current research is done on five different groups of nomads.
The documents and recorded data are used to calculate the sustainable development indices in non-urban areas. Furthermore, experts and tribes' chiefs were interviewed to make the data more precise.
Iran nomads' population distribution in the post-revolution era (1979-2019) is prepared using data from Iran's statistical center and tribal affairs organization. As there is no nomads' population distribution map from Iranian nomads, a map is drawn from their distribution in Figure 1.Currently, the nomads' population of Iran is estimated to be 1600000 people, almost 2% of the whole population, while nomads used to account for almost 8% of the population with 2800000 people (Figure 2). The second part of the results compares sustainable development indices in the pre-revolution and post-revolution era. The pre-revolution era could be divided into five periods according to the development plan (Table 2). According to the chosen sustainable development indices, more detailed and professional information was extracted, and the nomadic regions' situation during the pre-revolution era was evaluated using the evaluation matrix (Table 3). Afterward, nomadic regions' situation in terms of the legal principles during the post-revolution era was assessed. The first & second plans and the third & the fourth plans were classified in one group because of their similarities (Table 4).Eventually, pre-revolution sustainable development in nomadic regions can be compared with that of the post-revolution era regarding the legal principles using the gathered information. The results of data quantifying and weighting are presented in table 3. As presented in the graphs, sustainable development in nomadic regions was very fluctuating in the pre-revolution era, while it was more stable after the revolution. Some sustainable development indices such as financial capital provision by the local community, income level, natural ecosystem health, and use of natural resources were in a more desirable situation in the pre-revolution era. In contrast, some others, such as the presence of legal disciplines, presence in development plans, proposing plans to the government, sanitation level, and literacy rate, have been better in the post-revolution era.
The geographical distribution of nomads in Iran has decreased after the Islamic revolution. This result is consistent with the results of Bakhshandeh Nosrat & Miraj (2011). Furthermore, nomads' population proportion has decreased, which is the same as Noroozi & Mahmoodian (2015). The results of the current research on the approval of laws and the development plans in the pre-revolution era approve the results of Tavakoli & Ziatavana (2009)
There is no suggestion reported.
There is no limitation reported.
According to the results, the nomads' community in Iran has not benefitted from sustainable development. The desired result could not be achieved due to the variations in the approval of laws and their enforcement. A comparative study of the role of legal rules, especially the laws of economic, social, cultural, and other development programs on the sustainable development in nomadic regions before and after the Iranian revolution, besides the basic laws and documents in this collection, indicate the inability of existing legal rules to improve human, environmental, and economic development indicators in nomadic areas.
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The current research is extracted from a Ph.D. thesis about the environment rights carried out in Islamic Azad University, and the researcher paid all costs.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[2]Borriello F (2013). The sustainability of mediterranean port areas: Environmental management for local regeneration in Valencia. Journal Sustainability. 5(10):4288-4311.
[3]Cochran JC, Lynch MJ, Toman EL, Shields (2016). Court sentencing patterns for environmental crimes: Is there a “Green” gap in punishment?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1-30.
[4]Hajivand A, Mirkamali A, Safari F, Sarvai Sarmidani O (2018). Government criminal responsibility for environmental crimes in Iran: Necessities and challenges. Environmental Sciences. 16(2):65-82. [Persian]
[5]Hosseini S, Daneshfard K, Memarzadeh Tehran GR, Bahmanpour H (2019). Validation of networking approach in environmental policy in IRAN to decrease environmental pollution by factor analysis method. Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 3(2):1-9. [Persian]
[6]Statistical Center of Iran [Internet]. Statistical center of Iran, Iranian population and housing Census; Nomadic Areas. periodic report. [Published 2019, 15 May; Cited 2018, 23 July]. Tehran: Iranian Statistical Center Publications. Available From: https://www.amar.org.ir/
[7] Noroozi A, Mahmoodian F (2015). Comparative study of economic and social indicators of settled and uninhabited nomads case study: Koohrang city. Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography). 5(4):17-38. [Persian]
[8]PBO (2019). Plan and budget organization, the evolution of development approaches from an international perspective with an emphasis on sustainable development, 89 p.
[9]Piri F, Aftab A, Majnooni A (2018). Investigating the role of nomadic community in establishing lasting security in Iran's border areas. Journal of Border Sciences and Technology. 7(4):121-146. [Persian]
[10]Safinejad J (2004). The social structure of Iranian nomads. Journal of National Studies. 5(1):43- 84. [Persian]
[11]The Science and Environmental Health Network [Internet]. The International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, Modeles for Protecting the Environment for future Generations. [Published 2008, 7 May; Cited 2012, 23 June]. United States: SEHN Publications. Available From: http://www.sehn.org
[12]Sidayi E, Dehghani A (2011). Programming of nomadic ecosystems. Tehran: Isfahan University Jihad Publications. [Persian]
[13]Tavakoli J, Ziatavana MH (2009). The spatial consequences of nomadic settlement in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Rural and Development Quarterly.12(1):53-86. [Persian]
[14]Education for a Sustainable Future [Internet]. UNESCO: Sustainable development begins with education [Cited 2017, 5 August; Published 2008]. Paris: UNESCO Publications. Available From: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development
[15]WB. (2017) Guidance note on tools for pollution management, World Bank. 221 p.
[16]Yousefi J, Ozkia M, Kaldi A (2017). Development of a conceptual model resulting from the combination of indigenous and modern knowledge using the basic theory in the restoration, preservation, maintenance and exploitation of natural resources with the post-development approach of Mamasani tribe of Fars province. Sociological studies. 10(34):7-31. [Persian]
[2]Borriello F (2013). The sustainability of mediterranean port areas: Environmental management for local regeneration in Valencia. Journal Sustainability. 5(10):4288-4311.
[3]Cochran JC, Lynch MJ, Toman EL, Shields (2016). Court sentencing patterns for environmental crimes: Is there a “Green” gap in punishment?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1-30.
[4]Hajivand A, Mirkamali A, Safari F, Sarvai Sarmidani O (2018). Government criminal responsibility for environmental crimes in Iran: Necessities and challenges. Environmental Sciences. 16(2):65-82. [Persian]
[5]Hosseini S, Daneshfard K, Memarzadeh Tehran GR, Bahmanpour H (2019). Validation of networking approach in environmental policy in IRAN to decrease environmental pollution by factor analysis method. Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 3(2):1-9. [Persian]
[6]Statistical Center of Iran [Internet]. Statistical center of Iran, Iranian population and housing Census; Nomadic Areas. periodic report. [Published 2019, 15 May; Cited 2018, 23 July]. Tehran: Iranian Statistical Center Publications. Available From: https://www.amar.org.ir/
[7] Noroozi A, Mahmoodian F (2015). Comparative study of economic and social indicators of settled and uninhabited nomads case study: Koohrang city. Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography). 5(4):17-38. [Persian]
[8]PBO (2019). Plan and budget organization, the evolution of development approaches from an international perspective with an emphasis on sustainable development, 89 p.
[9]Piri F, Aftab A, Majnooni A (2018). Investigating the role of nomadic community in establishing lasting security in Iran's border areas. Journal of Border Sciences and Technology. 7(4):121-146. [Persian]
[10]Safinejad J (2004). The social structure of Iranian nomads. Journal of National Studies. 5(1):43- 84. [Persian]
[11]The Science and Environmental Health Network [Internet]. The International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, Modeles for Protecting the Environment for future Generations. [Published 2008, 7 May; Cited 2012, 23 June]. United States: SEHN Publications. Available From: http://www.sehn.org
[12]Sidayi E, Dehghani A (2011). Programming of nomadic ecosystems. Tehran: Isfahan University Jihad Publications. [Persian]
[13]Tavakoli J, Ziatavana MH (2009). The spatial consequences of nomadic settlement in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Rural and Development Quarterly.12(1):53-86. [Persian]
[14]Education for a Sustainable Future [Internet]. UNESCO: Sustainable development begins with education [Cited 2017, 5 August; Published 2008]. Paris: UNESCO Publications. Available From: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development
[15]WB. (2017) Guidance note on tools for pollution management, World Bank. 221 p.
[16]Yousefi J, Ozkia M, Kaldi A (2017). Development of a conceptual model resulting from the combination of indigenous and modern knowledge using the basic theory in the restoration, preservation, maintenance and exploitation of natural resources with the post-development approach of Mamasani tribe of Fars province. Sociological studies. 10(34):7-31. [Persian]