ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Hosseini   A. (1)
Valipour Dehno   V. (*)
Azizi   M. (2)
Khanjari   M. (3)






(*) Physical Education Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
(1) Exercise Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
(2) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran
(3) Physical Education Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Physical Education Department, Central Organization of Lorestan University, Kilometer 5th of Tehran Road, Khorramabad, Iran
Phone: +986633120003
Fax: +986633120003
valipour114@yahoo.com

Article History

Received:  January  17, 2015
Accepted:  May 13, 2015
ePublished:  June 20, 2015

BRIEF TEXT


… [1] A method to improve the aerobic and anaerobic performances is intensive interval sprint training. The outstanding feature of this exercise is their small size [2]. … [3-6] Amino acids are the most common nutritional supplements used by athletes to improve athletic performance. L-Arginine is a conditional essential amino acid. The usual intake of L-Arginine in the body is 3 to 5 grams a day and one of its functions in the body is protein synthesis [7, 8]. … [9, 10]

L-Arginine as a precursor for the synthesis of nitric acid reduces the accumulation of lactate caused by the exercises. In addition, nitric acid modulates muscle metabolism including glucose uptake, inhibition of glycolysis and uptake of mitochondrial oxygen [11]. … [12-14] The effects of L-Arginine supplementation on blood lactic acid levels and VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) have been studied in athletes, the results have been ambivalent [7, 15-17]. The effects of sprint high-intensive training on aerobic and anaerobic performance in athletes have been studied, showing different and conflicting results about performance improvement [4, 18-21].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4-week sprint high-intensive interval training, with and without L-arginine supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance of female futsal players.

This is a research study.

Healthy female futsal players in Kermanshah (Iran) were studied in 2013.

20 women were selected by convenience sampling.

The subjects were asked to maintain their normal diet during their study period and avoid eating any food and sports supplements except for the study supplement. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups including training- supplement (n = 10) and training- placebo (n = 10). Two days before and after exercise protocol, Bruce incremental treadmill test was administered in both groups to determine the aerobic capacity and running anaerobic sprint test (RAST) to determine the anaerobic capacity with lactic acid. Tests were performed with a 48-hour interval [22]. Bruce test was used to determine aerobic capacity [23]. 30 seconds after the RAST test (at 3 pm) at pretest and posttest, 33cc blood sample were taken from the subjects’ arm veins by a specialist. The Lactate test method was carried out according to the designed method in lactate test kit (Parsazmoon Enterprise; Iran) with 0.001 mM/l sensitivity. Measurement of lactate was performed by lactate analyzer (Hitachi 917; Japan). Both groups besides planned futsal special training, performed 4-week sprint high-intensive training two sessions per week. The training protocol consisted of 2 rounds of RAST protocols with 3-minute rest between each round in the first week, 3 rounds in the second week, 4 rounds in the third week, and 3 rounds in the fourth week. During the 4-week training, the rest period between rounds was 3 minutes. From a week before the protocol, the first group received arginine supplementation and the second group used placebo. The amount of supplementation was 4gr a day and time of its consumption in training days was one hour before practice and in the days when there was no training, the time of consumption was in the morning and night before sleep [11, 24]. To evaluate the normal data distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. To investigate the possible differences between pre-test and post-test in each group, Dependent-T test and for the possible differences between groups, Independent-T test was used. … [25, 26]

In training-supplement group, the mean age was 22.90± 1.45years and the mean weight was 59.40 ± 5.04kg. In the training-placebo group, the mean age was 22.00 ± 1.33years and the mean weight was 55.10 ± 3.38kg. Both groups showed no significant difference in pre-test in all the tests, but in the post-test, no significant difference was observed between the groups in all three variables. As a result of training, aerobic and anaerobic power showed significant increases in both groups, but blood lactate concentrations was significantly decreased in both groups. The highest changes in both groups were in anaerobic tests (38.58% vs. 19.85%), the amount of lactate (31.12% vs. 14.66%) and aerobic capacity (5.80% vs. 1.79%). Change percentage amount in all tests was higher in the first group compared to the second group (Table 1).

Increases in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity and reduced lactate were shown in the female futsal players. Arginine supplementation along with these exercises could increase aerobic and anaerobic powers in the female futsal players. Maximum oxygen consumption after exercise was significantly increased in both groups, but this increase was higher in the first group. There is a positive correlation between intense interval training and aerobic performance [21, 27]. This result is in accordance with the present study. … [28] Anaerobic power increased in both groups, but this increase was in favor of the first group who had taken arginine supplements. Anaerobic performance, including maximum anaerobic power output and mean and minimum anaerobic power outputs during RAST protocol increased in both groups, but this increase was in favor of the first group. This result is consistent with other studies [4, 29]. No change has been observed in anaerobic performance [9, 30] and there was no significant difference in maximum and mean anaerobic powers during several exercise rounds using ergometer test after 3-day 6gr oral L-arginine or placebo supplementation in 10 university elite male judokas, and in the plasma lactate concentration and ammonia concentrations, nitrite and nitrate no significant differences has been observed between the groups [10]. … [31] The amount of blood lactate in the first group was significantly lower than the amount of lactate in the second group. Reduction in the accumulation of blood lactate has been observed after intensive interval training [27] that is consistent with the findings of this study. In contrast, no change has been reported in blood lactate after intensive interval training [32].Changes in metabolism in response to 3gr L- arginine hydrochloride administration during incremental exercise on the bicycle ergometer has been studied and lower and significant increases have been observed in the concentration of plasma lactate and ammonia as well as very high l-citrulline (the synthesis of nitric acid excretion product) concentration [10].

Short-term (4 weeks) use of L-arginine along with intensive interval training in athletes, especially female futsal players should be considered. RAST exercises should be used to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance in female futsal athletes. Further studies should be conducted to reinforce or confirm the results of this study.

Lack of accurate control on eating and sleeping of the subjects was of the limitations for the study.

Increased aerobic and anaerobic performance in response to a 4-week intensive interval sprint training along with arginine supplementation has been shown in the female futsal players and interval high-intensive exercises, despite their small size (an average of 2 to 4 minutes per session), increase aerobic and anaerobic capacity in the female futsal players. In addition, arginine supplementation during this period of intensive interval sprint training could improve aerobic and anaerobic performance.

All members of the female futsal team in Kermanshah Martyrs Club are appreciated.

Non-declared

Non-declared

The research was funded by Ms. Hosseini.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


CITIATION LINKS

[1]Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: Optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53-73.
[2]Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: A little pain for a lot of gain?. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36(2):58-63.
[3]Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJ, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(6):1985-90.
[4]Farzad B, Gharakhanlou R, Bayati M, Agha Alinejad H, Bahraminejad M, Mehrabian F, et al. Effect of a period of high-intensity interval training on selected aerobic and anaerobic performance and hematological indices in athletes. Res Sport Sci. 2011;3(10):69-88.
[5]Robinson EH, Stout JR, Miramonti AA, Fukuda DH, Wang R, Townsend JR, et al. High-intensity interval training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric free acid improves aerobic power and metabolic thresholds. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:16.
[6]Esfarjani F, Laursen PB. Manipulating high-intensity interval training: Effects on VO2max, the lactate threshold and 3000m running performance in moderately trained males J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10(1):27-35.
[7]Campbell B, Paul M, Robert M. The ergogenic potential of arginine. J Int Soci Sport Nut. 2004;1(2):35-8.
[8]Sharma N, Shori G, Jaipuriar DS. Effects of single dose of citrullinf malate on performance in collegiate male athletes. Rom J Phys Ther. 2014;20(33):27-34.
[9]Stamler JS, Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(1):209-37.
[10]Álvares TS, Meirelles CM, Bhambhani YN, Paschoalin VM, Gomes PS. L-Arginine as a potential ergogenic aid in healthy subjects. Sports Med. 2011;41(3):233-48.
[11]Muazzezzaneh A, Keshavarz SA, Sabour Yaraghi AA, Djalali M, Rahimi A. Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on blood lactate level and VO2 max at anaerobic threshold performance. Feyz. 2010;14(3):200-8.
[12]Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, et al. Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(5):1394-403.
[13]Forbes SC, Harber V, Bell GJ. The acute effects of L-arginine on hormonal and metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23(4):369-77.
[14]Da Silva DVT, Conte Junior CA, Paschoalin VMF, Alvares TdS. Hormonal response to L-arginine supplementation in physically active individuals. Food Nutr Res. 2014;58:1-6.
[15]Abel T, Knechtle B, Perret C, Eser P, Von Arx P, Knecht H. Influence of chronic supplementation of arginine aspartate in endurance athletes on performance and substrate metabolism: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(5):344-9.
[16]Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Oya H, Sato N, Sakamaki F, Kyotani S, et al. Short-term oral administration of L-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(4):887-91.
[17]Sales RP, Mine CEC, Franco HD, Rodrigues EL, Pelogia NCC, Silva RS, et al. Effects of the acute arginine aspartate supplement on the muscular fatigue in trained volunteers. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2005;1(6):347-51.
[18]Bishop D, Edge J, Thomas C, Mercier J. Effects of high-intensity training on muscle lactate transporters and postexercise recovery of muscle lactate and hydrogen ions in women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295(6):R1991-8.
[19]Siahkouhian M, Khodadadi D. The effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on aerobic and anaerobic indices in athlete boys. Sport Physiol. 2013;5(18):39-52.
[20]Bayati M, Gharakhanlou R, AghaAlinejad H, Farzad F. The effects of high-intensity sprint interval training programs on aerobic and anaerobic performance in untrained men. Res Sport Sci. 2011;9:25-40.
[21]Bailey SJ, Wilkerson DP, Dimenna FJ, Jones AM. Influence of repeated sprint training on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(6):1875-87.
[22]Tabarestani M, Chobineh S, Kordi MR, Tabarestani M. A comparison of the effect of one session of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on changes of IgA/salivary total protein ratio in non-athlete girls. J Sport Biosci. 2011;3(9):63-76.
[23]Mirzaee B, Rahmaninia F, Mehrabani J. Evaluate the validity of bruce and conkany test with gas analysis in wrestler. J Sport Biosci. 2006;29:111-22.
[24]Schaefer A, Piquard F, Geny B, Doutreleau S, Lampert E, Mettauer B, et al. L-arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and ammonia. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(6):403-7.
[25]Barnett C, Carey M, Proietto J, Cerin E, Febbraio MA, Jenkins D. Muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in man: Influence of sprint training. J Sci Med Sport. 2004;7(3):314-22.
[26]Billat LV. Interval training for performance: Interval training for performance: A scientific and empirical practice. Special recommendations for middle-and long-distance running. Part II: anaerobic interval training. Sports Med. 2001;31(2):75-90.
[27]Burgomaster KA, Heigenhauser GJ, Gibala MJ. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(6):2041-7.
[28]Maxwell AJ, Ho HV, Le CQ, Lin PS, Bernstein D, Cooke JP. L-arginine enhances aerobic exercise capacity in association with augmented nitric oxide production. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(3):933-8.
[29]Jansson E, Esbjörnsson M, Holm I, Jacobs I. Increase in the proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibres by sprint training in males. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990;140(3):359-63.
[30]Jonsdottir IH, Jungersten L, Johansson C, Wennmalm A, Thorén P, Hoffmann P. Increase in nitric oxide formation after chronic voluntary exercise in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;162(2):149-53.
[31]Farzad BA, Gharakhanlou R, Agha Alinejad H, Bahraminejad M, Bayati M, Mehrabian F, et al. Effect of 4 weeks of supramaximal sprint interval training on physiological, hormonal and metabolic factors. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2010;12(1):34-41.
[32]Mc Kenna MJ, Heigenhauser GJ, Mc Kelvie RS, Mac Dougall JD, Jones NL. Sprint training enhances ionic regulation during intense exercise in men. J Physiol. 1997;501(3):687-702.