@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):321-327

Background
Fatness spread has increased over the world as a health problem and changed into an epidemic one in recent years [1].
Previous Studies
[2-16]… Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) is a fear of evaluation model in order to predict and persuade people to do healthy behaviors. [17]… [18].
Aim(s)
The aim of study was to check the effect of motivational interviewing on intention of doing physical activities in fat or overweight women by using PMT.
Research type
This study is a clinical trial.
Research society, place and time
The study conducted on fat or overweight women referring to health centers of Gorgan city in 2015.
Sampling method and number
In the first step, 60 fat or overweight women referring to health centers in Gorgan city were selected as non-probability and available sampling… [19]. Two centers were selected randomly among six health centers in Gorgan. Samples of control group and motivational interviewing group were selected from two other health centers and selected women were divided into two groups randomly according to BMI criteria. Based on the study conducted by Navidian et al. [20] and self-efficacy mean of 90.34±90.57 in motivational interviewing group and the mean of 44.06±8.68 in control group on confidence level of %95 and ability test of %95, 30 samples were considered for each group. The study entrance included the willingness of participation in the study and reading and writing literacy; and its exit criteria were the absence more than 1 session (in motivational interviewing sessions and physical activity’s instruction) and unwillingness of participation in the study.
Used devices&materials
Training sessions about physical activity (its advantages and effects on fatness and overweight) were represented by a health education and health promotion specialist to the two groups (control and motivational interviewing) during two weeks, two sessions in each (each session 45 minutes to an hour). Team motivational interviewing was also represented by a specialist in the field of consultation during 5 sessions (each session is one hour within two weeks) that there were 8-10 participants in each session. Designed leaflet based on PMT theory with content of advantages and effects of physical activity on fatness and overweight was used in both groups (control and motivational interviewing). Validity of the pamphlet was studied and confirmed by three health education and health promotion specialists and two physical education experts. The studied variables such as theoretical constructs, intention and attitude on physical activity and anthropometric status were measured before the intervention, 2 and 6 months after the intervention in both groups. There was an eight-part researcher-made questionnaire based on PMT theoretical constructs including demographic, anthropometric, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, perceived response efficacy and intention and attitude on doing physical activity which was used to collect information. All questions regarding theoretical constructs based on 5-points Likert scale were graded from entirely agree (score 5) to entirely disagree (score 1). Face validity of the questionnaire was also studied and confirmed by 4 health education and health promotion specialists and 2 nutrition experts. Content validity of the questionnaire was also studied and confirmed by 5 health education and health promotion specialists and 2 nutrition experts and 7 women. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha and internal consistency methods. Its amounts for attitude questions on physical activity was 0.72 and perceived susceptibility 0.83, perceived severity 0.85, self-efficacy 0.87, perceived response efficacy 0.73 and for intention questions was 0.94. Weight was measured with light clothes and no shoes by weight scale model 803 (Seca; Germany) and with an accuracy of 0.1 Kg. Height was measured once at the beginning of the research by wall mounted stature meter (Seca; Germany) while standing next to the wall as back of the head, shoulders, hips and heels touch the wall with an accuracy of 0.1 Cm. all Anthropometric measurements were performed by one person. Distribution of collected data was normal according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. Quantitative variables at baseline (pre-intervention) were compared by independent T statistical test and qualitative variables were compared by chi-square statistical test. ANOVA with repeated measurements was used to study Anthropometric data (weight and BMI) and theoretical constructs two and six months after intervention. Also, LSD test was used to compare the time trend as two-by-two in groups. The linear regression method was used to evaluate the anticipation of constructs’ effects on their intention of doing physical activity, so that variables with the significance level of less than 0.05 in the univariate model entered into multivariate regression method and then their effects were evaluated (according backward method). All analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software version 18.
Findings by Text
The mean age of women in control group was 38.72±9.53 years old and in motivational interviewing group was 37.20±8.08. The two groups in terms of demographic variables of age, education level, marital status and employment status had an insignificant difference (P>0.05; Table1). After motivational interviewing, scores of all PMT theoretical constructs in motivational interviewing group in comparison with control group increased significantly after two and six months after intervention (P<0.001) that the increase in perceived susceptibility was %35, perceived intensity %36, self-efficacy %24, perceived response efficacy %36, intention %39 and attitude %22. However, weight Anthropometric indexes and BMI were decreased in two and six months after, it was not statistically significant (P>0.05; Table2). Time trend had a significant effect on constructs of protection motivation theory and increased all constructs’ scores and caused the reduction of weight Anthropometric index and BMI in both groups which were not significance. Women’s intention of doing physical activity anticipated significantly two months after the intervention, the three constructs of perceived severity (β=0.22; P=0.014), perceived response efficacy (β=1.39; P=0.001) and perceived self- efficacy (β=0.73; P=0.043) and six months after the intervention, the two constructs of perceived severity (β=0.20; P=0.020) and attitude on doing physical activity (β=0.72; P=0.001).
Main comparison to the similar studies
The findings of current study indicate the long-term effect of motivational interviewing as a suitable technique to change intention behavior and its effectiveness has been proven in many studies [3, 17, 21-23]…. [22, 24-29].
Suggestions
It is recommended to increase follow-up duration till the effect of motivational interviewing on anthropometric index be confirmed.
Limitations
Only women were studied. Therefore, the result of current study cannot be generalized.
Conclusions
Motivational interviewing increases all constructs’ scores of protection motivation theory and intention of doing physical activity in fat women or overweight subsequently.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate all women participated in the study, Vice-chancellor for Research & Technology of Golestan University of Medical Sciences due to financial support and the university ethics committee confirmation and Health Management and social development Research Center due to scientific support from plan.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
The research has been approved by ethics committee of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (No. 10016393050560) and has been registered in Iran clinical trials center, registration code IRCT2015061517736N5.
Funding Sources
The research has been supported financially by Vice-chancellor of Research & Technology of Golestan University of Medical Sciences.

TABLES and CHARTS

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