@2024 Afarand., IRAN

---

ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2019;25(1):8-15

Background
... [1]. The family has emerged as one of the most fundamental social institutions by establishing and building a marital relationship and forming the core of society, so that a healthy family and community is dependent on marital relationships [2, 3].
Previous Studies
... [4-11]. Hedayati and Beigi in their research showed that there was a significant positive relationship between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction and there was a significant negative relationship between insecure and avoidant attachment styles and marital satisfaction [12]. Also, Khojasteh Mehr, Aman Allah and Zohrei and Rajabi in their study found that women with ambivalent attachment styles, on the other hand, create conflict with the spouse and, on the other hand, they do not have problem solving skills to solve the problem and avoid continuing conflict [13]. ... [14-25]. Some scholars have investigated the relationship between attachment styles and Internet or smartphones addiction, and have concluded that people with an unsafe attachment style are more addicted and dependent to the internet or mobile phones than those with a secure attachment style [ 26, 27].
Aim(s)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mobile phone attachment on the relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction.
Research type
This research is a correlation study.
Research society, place and time
The statistical population of this study was all nurses of Ahwaz hospitals in 2017.
Sampling method and number
240 people were selected through multi-stage random sampling among nurses of Ahwaz hospitals in 2017. To do this, eight hospitals were randomly selected from among 21 hospitals in Ahwaz. Then, from each hospital, the nurses were randomly selected from the total number of nurses in each hospital. 5 questionnaires were omitted due to incompleteness. Finally, the information of 235 participants was used to study the research hypotheses. It should be noted that all participants, while obtaining informed consent voluntarily to complete the scale, provided explanations on the purpose of the research and the manner in which the scale was completed and the confidentiality of information was provided.
Used devices&materials
... [28-30]. Research tools included the following questionnaires: Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire): This scale, which has been standardized using Hazan and Shavour attachment tests and standardized for Iranian student and population samples [31], is a 15-item test and three styles of secure attachment, avoidance and ambivalent on a 5-point Likert scale (very low) to 5 (very high). In this study, the reliability of this questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha which was 0.81 and 0.80 for secure attachment style respectively, 0.73 and 0.71 for avoidance style respectively and, 0.78 and 76% for ambivalent respectively. ... [32]. Cell phone addiction questionnaire: To measure mobile attachment, a questionnaire was developed by Koe [33]. The questionnaire has two parts. The first part is demographic characteristics and how to use the mobile phone, and the second part of the questionnaire consists of 20 items that are scored on a five-syllable Likert scale with a range of 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). The total score in this questionnaire is in the range of 20 to 100, with a higher score indicating a greater degree of attachment and a greater dependence on the mobile phone. A score of less than 63 is a modest use of a mobile phone, a score of 63 to 70 means a severe use and a score of 70 or more is meant to be attached. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha and split-half method have been used to calculate the reliability, which was 0.88 and 0.79, respectively. ... [34]. Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale: The questionnaire was made in 1989 by Fawrez and Alson. The original version of the questionnaire has 115 questions and 12 sub-scales. Twelve parts of the questionnaire are contractual responses, marital satisfaction, personality traits, marital relationship, conflict resolution, financial management, leisure time, sexual relations, parenting, communication with family and friends, egalitarian roles and religious orientation of attitudes. The short form of this scale is provided by Soleimanian [36], which has 47 questions. In this study, a 47-item questionnaire was used. In the present study, the coefficients for the Enrich marital satisfaction scale were obtained 0.79 and 0.76, respectively, which shows the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire, using the Cronbach's alpha and Split-half method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23 and AMOS 22 software.
Findings by Text
Table 1 presents descriptive indices including mean, standard deviation, skewness and elongation. In Table 2, the correlation matrix of the research variables was presented. According to this table, the relationship between safe attachment style (-0.38) and insecure attachment style was negative and significant at 0.01 level. The relationship between secure attachment style (-0.57), and mobile attachment was negative and meaningful at the level of 0.01. Also, the relationship between secure attachment style (0.73) and marital satisfaction was positive and significant at 0.01 level. In Table 3, indicators of goodness of fitness of the tested research model have been reported. Values greater than 0.9 represent the appropriate fit of the pattern and the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), values less than 0.08, represent fit for the pattern. In table 4, the direct and indirect effects and total explained variance of variables have been reported. According to Table 4, the direct effect of mobile phone attachment on marital satisfaction (-0.53) was negative and significant at 0.001. The direct effect of secure attachment style on mobile phone attachment (-0.42) was negative and significant at 0.001. Also, direct effect of insecure attachment style on mobile phone attachment (0.51) was positive and significant at 0.001. According to table 4, the indirect effect of secure attachment style (0.22) on marital satisfaction was positive and significant, and on the other hand, the indirect effect of insecure attachment style (-0.26) on marital satisfaction was negative and significant. Therefore, mobile attachment has a mediating role in relation to secure and insecure attachment styles with marital satisfaction. The tested pattern was presented in Figure 2. Considering this form of mobile attachment, 33 percent of the variance in marital satisfaction was explained. The various dimensions of attachment styles also predict 27 percent change in mobile attachment.
Main comparison to the similar studies
Based on the findings of the research, it was found that secure attachment style correlated negatively with mobile attachment and predicted it. This result was consistent with studies by Kim et al. [25] as well as Choi and Sue [27]. The results of this study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between insecure attachment style and mobile phone dependence, which was consistent with the findings of previous studies [26, 28, and 29]. According to the findings of this study, there was a positive relationship between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction, that the findings of previous studies confirmed this finding [6, 8, 10-13]. ... [37-43].
Suggestions
In order to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction, it is suggested to investigate the role of moderating and intermediate variables, such as coping strategies and defense mechanisms, in relation to attachment styles and marital satisfaction.
Limitations
Considering the fact that this research was carried out among nurses of Ahwaz hospitals, the generalization of the results to all nurses of the country should be observed with caution.
Conclusions
Insecure attachment individuals are more susceptible to using cell phones than those with a secure attachment to fill their attachment emotional emptiness, which in turn causes malicious effects on marital satisfaction of couples in their families.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate all the nurses of hospitals in the city of Ahvaz who participated in the research and responded to the questionnaires.
Conflict of interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present research.
Ethical Permissions
In the present study, all ethical standards governing a research, including the acquisition of informed consent and the confidentiality of information, were fully respected.
Funding Sources
None declared.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file