@2024 Afarand., IRAN

---

ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2018;24(2):103-110

Background
Type 2 diabetes as a global health problem, is a common and increasing concern [1].
Previous Studies
.... [2, 3]. Some studies have shown that oxidative stress can be effective in the occurrence and development of complications of various diseases, including diabetes [4]. .... [5, 6]. Although physical activities, on the one hand, increase oxidative stress by increasing the risk of harmful free radicals, but, on the other hand, by induction of antioxidant enzymes, also reduce free radicals [7]. ... [8-9]. Moreover, vitamin C is the most important water-soluble antioxidant, which is located in the cytosol and extracellular fluid [10]. ... [11-13]. The treatments available for type 2 diabetes include changes in lifestyle with exercise, diet, oral medications and insulin [14]. In this regard, common and regular endurance exercises with moderate intensity increase insulin sensitivity [15] and can increase the resistance of tissues to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity [16]. Poblete et al. study on the effect of aerobic exercise on the reduction of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic men showed no significant changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both groups, however Malondialdehyde (MDA) values decreased significantly in both groups [8]. ... [17-21].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of the effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise and vitamin C supplements on antioxidant enzymes in men with type 2 diabetes.
Research type
This research is a semi-experimental study.
Research society, place and time
This semi-experimental study was done on 45 men with type 2 diabetes aged 40-50 years in Mashhad, Iran.
Sampling method and number
This quasi experimental study was carried out on the experimental and control groups with pretest and post-test design. The study population included 45 men with type 2 diabetes aged 40-50 years in Mashhad, Iran. They were patients with type 2 diabetes and the members of the International Diabetes Association in Milad station of Mashhad city. 45 subjects who met the study criteria were selected through convenience and purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into three groups, including exercise + supplement (15 subjects), exercise + placebo (15) and control (n = 15).
Used devices&materials
In the first stage, the subjects were informed about the research and how to cooperate. The inclusion criteria included no medication intake and smoking as well as a history of 4 to 6 years of type 2 diabetes. Subjects voluntarily participated in the research and signed the consent form. In order to determine the sample size in this study, the Fleiss sample size equation was used [22]. Body composition Length of the subjects was measured with a 5 mm Seca height gauge. Accordingly, the subject stood flattened and stretched, so that his weight is evenly divided on both legs and the eyes were parallel to the horizon. At the end of a normal exhalation, a ruler was horizontally placed on the head tangent to the bowl and made a right angle with the vertical ruler. The weight of the subjects was measured by a Beurer digital scale (PS06-PS07; Germany). For this purpose, the subject without shoes and with a light sport clothes was stood on a scale and his weight was measured in kilograms. In order to measure the body mass index (BMI), before physical exercises, their height and weight were measured and then the BMI was obtained by dividing the weight into square meters by height, with the weight in kg and height in m and kg/m2 unit. Blood sampling Blood samples were collected 48 h before and 48 h after trainings. The samples were taken at the laboratory between 8 and 9 am from the left hand vein of each subject while sitting and resting. Serum levels of MDA, antioxidant catalase enzyme and SOD was determined by ELISA and ZellBio kit, Germany. Vitamin C intake Patients in vitamin C supplement group were eating vitamin C tablets (100 mg) for eight weeks before each training session. Placebo was considered for placebo group. Vitamin C purchased from a specific company was used to obtain equal results. Weekly examinations were also regarded to ensure consuming vitamin C supplement. Training program The exercise protocol included 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, which was carried out in three 50-60 min sessions weekly. The exercise program included general warming up for 10 min (walking, light running, stretching and movements); aerobic exercises included 15 min walking on the treadmill, followed by 12 to 27 min running with increasing intensity. Exercise intensity was controlled by a POLAR Pacemaker, Finland. 10 min cool-down stretches to recover the body (slow running, walking and stretching movements) were performed [23]. At the end of the training (after eight weeks), similar to the pre-test, all measurements were re-performed and the data were collected. Also, the control group did not perform any physical activities during the study period and were inactive (like prior the study with an inactive lifestyle). Statistical analysis At the end of the practical phase of research, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Normal distribution and homogeneity of variances of the data was confirmed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Leven’s test and variance analysis with repeated measures was used to compare the intra-group and inter-group means. Moreover, Also, LSD post-hoc test was employed to compare the groups.
Findings by Text
The subjects’ characteristics according to the groups (exercise+supplement, exercise+placebo and control) are shown in Table 1. These three groups had no significant difference in age, height, weight and BMI before intervention (p<0.05). Based on Table 2, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and exercise with supplement resulted in a significant decrease in MDA levels, a significant increase in SOD and catalase in type 2 diabetic men. Also, based on the results of this table, there was a significant difference between the intergroup means in MDA, SOD and catalase variables in the exercise+supplement, exercise+placebo and control groups.
Main comparison to the similar studies
Based on the results of this study, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and the exercise with supplement resulted in a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels in type 2 diabetic men. The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Gupt et al. and Valadoa et al. [24-25]. ... [26-33]. Based on the results of this study, eight weeks of aerobic exercise and the exercise with supplement resulted in a significant increase in SOD and catalase in type 2 diabetic men. The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Alipour & Salehi and Fakoori Jouibari et al. [34-35]. ... [36-39].
Suggestions
It is suggested that the limitations of the present research be noticed in the next studies.
Limitations
No control for physical activity of the research groups except for the study period is one of the limitations of this study.
Conclusions
Aerobic exercise and vitamin C supplement intake can increase antioxidant enzymes in diabetic patients and also prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress and diabetes.
Acknowledgments
None declared.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Ethical Permissions
None declared.
Funding Sources
This study is not funded by any organization.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file