ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Hosseinian   M. (1)
Banitalebi   E. (*)
Amirhosseini   S.E. (1)






(*) Sport Sciences Department, Human Sciences Faculty, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
(1) Sport Sciences Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Department of Sport Sciences, Human Sciences Faculty, Shahrekord University, Rahbar Street, Shahrekord, Iran. Postal Code: 881754122
Phone: +983832326385
Fax: +983832326385
banitalebi.e@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  December  10, 2015
Accepted:  June 8, 2016
ePublished:  June 30, 2016

BRIEF TEXT


In recent decades, the increasing prevalence of diabetes type 2 in developing countries, needs efforts to reduce the cardiovascular complications of diabetes type 2 because diabetes prevention is vital [1].

… [2-13]. In a study, Roohi et al. demonstrated that resistance training increases serum levels of ApoA-I in diabetic rats, without significant changes in serum lipid profile levels occurs. Moreover, they suggested that this improvement can reduce the risk of progression of atherosclerosis and its consequences in terms of diabetes conditions. [14]. Pourvaghar et al. demonstrated that one session intense training for 20 minutes of aerobic causes Increase of high-density cholesterol and apolipoprotein A levels and decreasing of apolipoprotein B and triglycerides.[15].

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intensive interval and combined trainings on the levels of ApoA and ApoB, visfatin, and insulin resistance in the middle-aged women with Type 2 diabetes.

This study is semi-experimental by practical purposes.

This research was conducted in summer 2015.

Those who were eligible to participate in the study were invited and among people who had referred, 52 middle-aged female patients with Type 2 diabetes by the age range of 45 to 60 years old , fasting blood sugar greater than 126 mg per deciliter which had higher hemoglobin A1c equal to 5.6% (according to American Diabetes Association criteria), BMI 25 to 30 kg/m 2 by convenience(available) sampling method Were selected [16-17]. 27 subjects were taking pills, 20 were taking insulin injections and five were taking both of them. …[18-24]

Case studies were randomly divided into three groups, including simultaneous strength-endurance training(17 persons), interval intensive training(17 persons), and control groups(18 persons).participants filled the consent form, medical history questionnaire and physical activity questionnaires to evaluate disease preparedness and readiness of individuals to participate in full training program and there was and no history of cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and neuromuscular, diabetic foot ulcers and diabetic nephropathy in these patients. In the end, 42 participants were able to complete the study period, 10 patients were excluded due to sickness and failure of participation . 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session, they were taken blood samples in the same conditions. Training term lasted 12-week, composed of three endurance-training sessions per week with 60% of maximum heart rate and two resistance-training sessions per week with 70% of one maximum repetition, were done in strength-endurance group. Simultaneous strength-endurance group did the strength training program at first; after 5-minute break, they were doing endurance training program. In order to personalize the workout, if one could finish 3 sets with more than 8 repetition in one session i.e., 20 repetition, 2.5 to 5 kg were added to the weight[25]. Three training sessions per week with 4-10 repetition of 30-second Wingate test on the ergometer were conducted in interval intensive training group with maximum effort. The weight and height of the participants were measured in two stages, before starting the training protocol and after 12 weeks at the sport rehabilitation center. To measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat and estimating fat percentage, the caliper (Harpenden, England) was used. VO2max of the participants was measured using this formula " (Time * 2.282 ) +8.545 ,that in this formula total passing time has shown as a minute or fraction of a minute. To measure cardiorespiratory fitness, the modified Bruce treadmill test was used. To measure ApoA and ApoB،special Kit (Roche; Germany) was used. Serum (sugar) glucose levels was measured by colorimetric method. Serum insulin levels were measured by ELISA method using kits (Diaplus; USA) and to calculate the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) "fasting serum insulin formula (mU ml) and fasting plasma glucose (mg per deciliter) divided by (22.5 *18)" was used .Also, visfatin levels by ELISA kit (DRG; Germany) was measured. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the variables statistical mean. In addition, to evaluate the normal distribution of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. To determine the differences within groups, dependent T test and to determine the differences among groups covariance analysis and if it is significant, LSD test was used to determine differences between groups. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS 21 at the significance level of 0.05.

Following combined and intensive interval training, no significant changes was observed in body mass index and fat percentage (p>0.05). However, following combined training, significant changes were observed in body weight ( p =0.032), and waist circumference in combined training group (p=0.001) and intensive interval training group (p=0.0001), resting heart rate in intensive interval training group (p=0.01),systolic blood pressure (p=0.005) in combined training group and intensive interval (p=0.009) and diastolic blood pressure in combined training group (p=0.001) and intensive interval (p=0.001) (Table 1). ApoA changes following doing combined training (p=0.06) was non-significant. However, following intense interval training (p=0.03),it was significant. The changes in serum levels of the ApoB, following both intense interval training (p=0.09) and combined (p=0.023) was not significant. The ratio of Apo/Apo in the intensive interval group was significant (p=0.1). However, no significant difference was observed in combined group in this regard. The levels of Visfatin following interactions of different training, was significant in intensive interval training group (p=0.003) and combination group (p=0.001). Serum insulin level and insulin resistance index significantly was different in intensive interval training group(p=0.0001) and combined training group (p=0.001) (Table2).

… [26-33].Berma et al. observed a significant reduction in the levels of visfatin in the plasma of diabetic patients after 3 months endurance training [34]. … [35, 36]. Increase in the visfatin of plasma in patients with diabetes acts as a compensatory mechanism to control glucose metabolism due to prevention of insulin resistance [37]. …[38-47].

It is recommended that in future studies diet controlling be considered. Examine gender differences as well as other training protocols with these two methods should be compared and evaluated.

The low number of subjects reduced statistical power of the study. Another limitation of this study was the lack of careful study and analysis of the diet using by patients.

The interval intensive trainings further affect the levels of blood apolipoprotein, visfatin, and insulin resistance in the middle-aged women with Type II diabetes, than the combined endurance-resistance trainings.

All the subjects of this study who helped us as well as Shahrekord Pars Rehabilitation and Sport center are appreciated.

Non-declared

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University of Yasouj.

All costs of this research was provided by the authors of the study.

TABLES and CHARTS

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