@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(3):20-30

Background
... [1]. Sport for all is one of the physical activities, which is pursued and done to bring vitality and health in different societies [2].
Previous Studies
... [3-15]. Currently, due to the different approaches on the level and how to do physical activity, there is no accurate and definitive statistics on the participation in sport for all in Iran, however according to the statistics, it is not acceptable [16 ]. Various models with different views on people tendency to sport for all have been presented by the researchers. For example, the model for sport for all by Ehsani et al. [17], the model developed by Javadipour et al. [18] on sport for all development in Iran, and the sport for all development pattern in Hormozgan province, by Savadi et al. [19] can be mentioned.
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to identify the contexts of social participation in sport for all in Iran.
Research type
The present research is a qualitative study.
Research society, place and time
The statistical population consisted of the experts in sport for all contributing in science, practice and sports areas through the second half of 2017 and the first quarter of 2018.
Sampling method and number
In the first stage, the purposeful sampling method was used followed by snowball sampling in the second stage. Sampling was done until reaching data saturation, which resulted in 27 qualitative interviews. Inclusion criteria included having a published journal article or a book on sport for all, at least 5 years of experience as an expert in sport for all, or a member of the Iran masters association of sport for all, which included faculty members of sport management (6 experts), managers and experts of the deputy of sport for all of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and the Sport for all Federation (10 experts) and Iranian masters of sport for all (11 experts).
Used devices&materials
The grounded theory developed by Strauss & Corbin was used to answer the main research question. ... [20]. In the first stage, the preliminary list of predictive indicators of the main components was prepared through the literature review as well as library information, including designing the model for sport for all in Iran and social participation of one of the components of social capital [17, 21]. The preliminary list was considered as the interview questions and the primary tool for collecting data. Interview questions consisted of 3 closed-ended questions and 5 open-ended questions. Then the interview guideline was prepared and the researcher sent an interview guideline to the experts prior interview. Subsequently, the deep semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with the studied experts. In addition to taking notes, recording was also used. 35 to 70 min was considered as the interview length and it was done in a place, where both sides approved. Five essential steps, but not necessarily consecutive were used for to the data process, including selection of participants, collecting data, adjustment of findings, data analysis and presentation of executive strategies. The final model was developed through collecting, analyzing and categorizing data via interviews and based on the relationship of the underlying factors. Open, axial, and selective coding was done manually. The Holsti index [22] was used to calculate the retest reliability of the coding at two intervals, which was obtained 84% indicating the desirable reliability of the coding. In addition, the final model to increase its validity was presented to the experts informed about both the sport for all and the qualitative research method. Ethical considerations were considered, for example a formal introduction form was obtained from the Sport Sciences Research Center to present the sport clubs, participants were assured about the confidentiality of data and names, recording was done with their consent and they were informed that they can leave the study whenever necessary.
Findings by Text
The 27 subjects were participated, including 22 men and 5 women. About 11% of them were single and most of them (17 subjects) aged 34-58 years and all subjects had bachelor's degree and above. Open coding of the interviews revealed that 98 initial indications 32 final indications could determine the contexts of social participation in sport for all in Iran. In the axial coding, the final indications were categorized in 11 concepts and 5 categories (Table 1).1- Structural factors: all participants mentioned the importance of proper infrastructures by government in the development of sport for all. The development of sport for all organizations and nongovernmental organizations are the main factors to participate the public in sport for all, however in some cases the public sector is a barrier. 2- Management factors: contributing the public in all aspects of sport for all as well as monitoring and participation of the people in making decision for sport for all are other main factors of social participation in this field. Moreover, the development of local, rural and nomadic games is one of the factors that can lead to the development of sport for all. 3- Human factors: the most important factor in the development of social participation in sport for all is paying attention to the people living the society. The type of training can develop or distort any factor in the society. It has been seen that many changes have been made in the lifestyle of people in society and the sedentary lifestyle has become a concern of modern urban life, which has led them to think of a solution to improve their quality of life. In addition, the relative improvement of welfare in the community has led to an increase in the life expectancies and has provided the society tendency to the sport for all. 4. Economic factors: the economic situation of a country is very influential in the development of sports among people. In this regard, many recommendations have been made by the participants in the development of the private sector in sport for all. 5. Environmental complexities: Favorable political situation and providing the legal framework for the development of sport for all are the factors for developing social participation in sport for all. Finally, the below theoretical model, including structural factors, management factors, human factors, economic factors, and environmental complexities was obtained through finding the final relationship between the categories derived from the axial coding, considering the categories, the most and the least frequency percentage of the coding results, comments by experts and interviewees, and the researchers’ views (Figure 1).
Main comparison to the similar studies
... [23, 24]. Hallmann et al. [25] showed that human factors play a crucial role in the participation of people in a society. Floud et al. [26] and Qin et al. [11] also showed that social participation and especially participation in physical activity are closely related to the health and well-being of people in the community, which is consistent with the findings of this research. ... [27-29]. Eime et al. [12] and Wicker et al. [13] showed that sport infrastructures have a strong influence on people participation in sports. In addition, Ebrahimi et al. [30] indicated that proximity characteristic, and easy access to sports clubs, as well as the number of sport venues are effective in participation in sports by public. ... [34-31] Eberth & Smith [35] showed that motivating people to participate actively in physical activity, given its beneficial effects on health, should be a part of the Scottish Government's health policy agenda. Ghareh et al. [36] showed that media as a powerful tool to attract the attention of audience and its role in forming public opinion can play a significant role in increasing the people participation in recreational sports. ... [37].
Suggestions
Given the fact that social participation depends on empathy, communication and people's trust in each other, and it is achievable by teamwork, accordingly it is necessary to carry out studies on teamwork among the different categories of Iranian people.
Limitations
It is possible that the participants were not well-informed about the details of social participation components, and we also could not make an interview with other different people due to the lack of time, the cost, and the type of research method, which can be considered as the limitations of this study.
Conclusions
Social participation in sport for all in Iran includes 5 certain categories including human factors, structural factors, management factors, environmental complexity, and economic factors, respectively.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to all those who helped us with this research.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Ethical Permissions
This research has been ethically approved by the Sport Sciences Research Center.
Funding Sources
This study is extracted from of the Ph.D. thesis in Physical Education and Sport Sciences, sport Management area approved by the Faculty of Management the Sport Sciences Research Center.

TABLES and CHARTS

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